{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:40:01Z","timestamp":1785426001959,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT203148\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT203148\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["WT203148\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT203148\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029chgv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04atp4p48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasound is safe, portable, and relatively low cost, and robotic ultrasound research is expanding across many diagnostic applications. Within this context, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening remains comparatively unexplored, with few systems reporting end-to-end autonomous scanning and clinician-validated evaluation in volunteers. We present a conditionally autonomous (Level-3) robotic ultrasound system in which the operator defines the region of interest and confirms the target force band, after which the robot performs surface-constrained abdominal sweeps under force control and automatically selects diagnostic frames and estimates aortic diameter without further manual interaction during scanning. The system combines RGB-depth-based patient-to-robot registration, hybrid position\u2013force control with a low-cost force sensor, and a post-acquisition image-analysis pipeline comprising rule-based aorta localisation, a composite image quality assessment (IQA) metric, and a transfer-learned U-Net segmentation baseline. In a feasibility study on ten healthy volunteers spanning BMI 18.6\u201333 and diverse sex and skin-tone profiles, the robot maintained stable contact within the target force band in all sessions and produced aortic images rated diagnostically acceptable by clinicians in all participants. Automated diameter measurements showed a mean absolute difference of 1.45 mm relative to clinician reference values, with 9\/10 cases within 3 mm and all within the 5 mm screening criterion. Volunteer questionnaires indicated high levels of comfort and trust in the system. These results demonstrate the feasibility of operator-supervised, force-aware robotic AAA scanning and highlight the potential of low-cost robotic ultrasound for wider automated vascular imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26144452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:55:21Z","timestamp":1783990521000},"page":"4452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Robotic Ultrasound System for Automated Abdominal Aorta Screening: Feasibility Study in Healthy Volunteers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8798-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5903-9237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Geale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Kruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoja","family":"Paraniroopasingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarina","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9611-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhouyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0643-1496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weizhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shichao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard James","family":"Housden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4707-7318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kawal","family":"Rhode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15202","article-title":"Diagnostic Ultrasound Safety Review for Point-of-Care Ultrasound Practitioners","volume":"39","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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