{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:57:02Z","timestamp":1790276222570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government","award":["2022R1A5A8023404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A5A8023404"]}]},{"award":["2022R1A5A8023404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A5A8023404"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global Joint Research Program funded by Pukyong National University","award":["202412240001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202412240001"]}]},{"award":["202412240001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202412240001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0433kqc49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasonic anemometers are widely used for wind measurement owing to their fast response, high temporal resolution, and long operational lifetime with minimal recalibration requirements. However, most configurations suffer from transducer shadowing, where cylindrical probes disrupt local airflow and introduce systematic errors in time-of-flight (TOF) measurements. While prior computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based investigations have characterized this effect, their analyses remain confined to low wind speeds, and no existing study has explicitly proposed a method to mitigate shadowing-induced bias. This paper presents a coupled CFD and acoustic propagation framework to analyze wake-induced velocity deficits and their effects on TOF measurements for a three-transducer ultrasonic anemometer, with simulations spanning 5 to 75 m\/s over the full 360\u00b0 range. The results show that shadowing distortions are strongly direction-dependent, peaked within approximately \u00b15\u00b0 angular sectors, with a near-constant velocity deficit of approximately 40% along affected paths. A shadowing-aware acoustic path selection method is then proposed that selectively excludes corrupted acoustic paths, reducing the average velocity root-mean-square error (RMSE) to 0.349 m\/s and the directional RMSE to 1.14\u00b0, representing improvements of more than an order of magnitude over shadow-unaware methods. These findings provide a physically grounded, simulation-based framework for shadowing-aware wind measurement using ultrasonic anemometers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26144488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T03:34:23Z","timestamp":1784172863000},"page":"4488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CFD-Guided Shadowing-Aware Acoustic Path Selection for Accurate Wind Estimation in Ultrasonic Anemometers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3498-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien Minh Khoi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2389-8875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tan Dung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Vietnamese-German University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0860-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le The Anh","family":"Vi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8888-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Dat","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1691-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Dam","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4102-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh Quan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5107-0848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Sung","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Gym-Based Translational Research Center for Active Senior\u2019s Healthcare, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7943-1994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tan Tien","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Control and System Engineering (DCSELab), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0638-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudip","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Healthcare Research Center, Institute of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6393-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vu Hoang Minh","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Gym-Based Translational Research Center for Active Senior\u2019s Healthcare, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-3318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeyeop","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Gym-Based Translational Research Center for Active Senior\u2019s Healthcare, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5837-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junghwan","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Smart Gym-Based Translational Research Center for Active Senior\u2019s Healthcare, Pukyong 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