{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:17:31Z","timestamp":1785428251190,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003565","name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2021-KA160501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-KA160501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2021-KA160501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-KA160501"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rxf7n07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20018055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20018055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20018055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20018055"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008nkqk13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chungbuk Regional Innovation System & Education Center","award":["2026-RISE-11-004-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-RISE-11-004-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground segmentation is an essential preprocessing step for LiDAR-based perception in autonomous driving, as it directly affects subsequent object clustering and obstacle detection. This paper proposes a fast grid-based ground segmentation method for 3D Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds using dual-seed expansion. The input point cloud is projected onto a two-dimensional Cartesian grid, where cell-wise height statistics, including minimum height, maximum height, mean height, and height variance, are computed. Initial ground candidates are selected by combining a global height-distribution-based seed and a LiDAR-mounting-height-based seed to reduce missed ground candidates in sloped or sparse regions. Ground cells are then expanded to nearby cells based on the local height difference. To reduce misclassification in cells containing both ground and non-ground points, a local height-band criterion is applied for point-level refinement. The proposed method was implemented in Robot Operating System 1 (ROS 1) and evaluated on the SemanticKITTI dataset. Experimental results showed an average accuracy of 96.34%, an F1-score of 97.11%, and a ground Intersection over Union (IoU) of 94.40%. The average processing time over SemanticKITTI sequences 00\u201310 was 12.15 ms per frame. These results demonstrate that the proposed method is suitable as a fast preprocessing module for LiDAR-based autonomous driving perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26144603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T16:19:27Z","timestamp":1784564367000},"page":"4603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fast Grid-Based Ground Segmentation of LiDAR Point Clouds Using Dual-Seed Expansion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jongyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5976-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manbok","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"LiDAR for Autonomous Driving: The Principles, Challenges, and Trends for Automotive LiDAR and Perception Systems","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. 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