{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:12:34Z","timestamp":1786727554305,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\u00b0.0100179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00b0.0100179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["N\u00b0.0100179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00b0.0100179"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rkhv978","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we demonstrate a defect-mediated strategy to fundamentally reprogram the selectivity of ZnO gas sensors through targeted doping with two types of trivalent rare-earth ions. We incorporate yttrium (Y3+) and dysprosium (Dy3+) into the ZnO host via a high-energy ball-milling (HEBM)-assisted solid-state reaction. On the basis of structural, optical, and spectroscopic characterizations, we demonstrate a significant increase in the oxygen vacancy density and a reduction in the band gap energy. The gas sensing tests revealed a remarkable inversion of selectivity: while doping suppressed the NO2 response by 86% to 94%, it increased the sensitivity to VOCs. Dy doping produced a selective sensor for ethanol (S = 9.61, 5.62 \u00d7 selectivity over NO2), and Y doping produced a selective sensor for acetone (S = 8.27, 2 \u00d7 selectivity over NO2). This dopant-specific defect engineering provides a direct pathway to adapt ZnO sensors to the selective detection of VOCs in environmental monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26154675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:13:17Z","timestamp":1784826797000},"page":"4675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Defect-Driven Selectivity Inversion in ZnO Gas Sensors via Y3+ and Dy3+ Doping for Enhanced VOC Detection with a Suppressed NO2 Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8632-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imen","family":"Massoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-3586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Driss","family":"Lahem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materia Nova, Materials R&D Centre, Parc Initialis, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Debliquy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science Department, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norah Abdullah","family":"Algarou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem Khalid","family":"Aldakheel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5371-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norah","family":"Alonizan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9532-1146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amor","family":"Ben Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5368-3341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Younas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Research Facilities (CRF), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bayan","family":"Almohsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3393-075X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talal F.","family":"Qahtan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemah M.","family":"Barakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2024.115051","article-title":"Gas sensor preparation based on green biological template: A review","volume":"371","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. 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