{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:24:16Z","timestamp":1785435856895,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID25I10556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID25I10556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ID25I10556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID25I10556"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ap3w078","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetometers are essential for monitoring the Earth\u2019s magnetic field in applications such as geophysics, space weather, navigation, and volcanic studies. While professional-grade instruments provide high reliability, their cost limits spatial coverage, particularly in remote regions. This study presents a comparative analysis of five ground-based magnetometers deployed simultaneously at Universidad Adventista de Chile (36.64\u00b0 S, 71.99\u00b0 W) from 5\u20138 August 2025. Noise, signal stability, and response to geomagnetic variations were evaluated, emphasizing the influence of ambient temperature. Fluxgate and subsurface-deployed instruments showed higher consistency and reduced thermal sensitivity, while low-cost magneto-inductive sensors exhibited strong linear temperature dependence, sometimes with temporal delays. Inter-instrument correlation analyses highlighted performance differences and the trade-offs between cost and reliability. The results demonstrate that low-cost magnetometers, if carefully deployed and calibrated, can complement professional-grade sensors, improve spatial coverage, and provide valuable geomagnetic observations in regions with limited infrastructure and logistical constraints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26154700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:13:17Z","timestamp":1784826797000},"page":"4700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Performance Analysis of Five Magnetometers for Geomagnetic Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4629-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Caro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Instrumentaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Adventista de Chile (UNACH), Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0356-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Instrumentaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Adventista de Chile (UNACH), Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3843-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn Diaz","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Planetary Exploration Laboratory, Universidad de Chile (UCHILE), Santiago 8370451, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3645-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjam\u00edn","family":"Urra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Instrumentaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Adventista de Chile (UNACH), Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3614-504X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Rojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Instrumentaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Adventista de Chile (UNACH), Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loreto","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Matem\u00e1tica y F\u00edsica, Liceo Bicentenario de Excelencia Polivalente San Nicol\u00e1s, San Nicol\u00e1s 4020000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5648-429X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Instrumentaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Adventista de Chile (UNACH), Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1210-167X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170124, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1053-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Stepanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170124, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1821-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad\u00e1n","family":"Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Instrumentaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Adventista de Chile (UNACH), Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9192-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u00edas","family":"Ovalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Instrumentaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Adventista de Chile (UNACH), Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3624-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clezio Marcos","family":"Denardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6307-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sony Su","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Massey, H.S.W., and Boyd, R.L.F. 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