{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T09:04:15Z","timestamp":1785143055690,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project \u201cSmart-Tremor\u2014Sistema innovativo per l\u2019analisi del movimento e il monitoraggio in tempo reale del Tremore\u201d","award":["CUP B53C22006840001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22006840001"]}]},{"name":"project \u201cSmart-Tremor\u2014Sistema innovativo per l\u2019analisi del movimento e il monitoraggio in tempo reale del Tremore\u201d","award":["PNC0000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNC0000007"]}]},{"name":"project \u201cINTENSE\u2014INtegrated Technologies and ENhanced SEnsing for cognition and rehabilitation\u201d","award":["CUP B89J23002490005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B89J23002490005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents the design and preliminary experimental validation of deformable sensors based on time-domain reflectometry (TDR) for rehabilitation-oriented interaction monitoring. Three architectures were investigated: a planar multilayer sensor and two coaxial configurations based on foam and engineered TPU\u2013Hilbert structures. Controlled indentation tests were performed at different positions and deformation levels, extracting two TDR-derived features: the minimum reflection coefficient \u03c1min, related to deformation intensity, and the perturbation time tpert, related to contact localization. Preliminary calibration curves and two-dimensional maps were used to analyze the coupled dependence of the response on position and indentation depth. Application-oriented manual tests confirmed the different suitability of the three geometries for localized finger pressing, distributed two-hand grasping, and controlled single-hand squeezing. Overall, the results support TDR-based deformable sensors as low-complexity and geometry-adaptable tools for spatially resolved monitoring of motor rehabilitation interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26154732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:15:56Z","timestamp":1785140156000},"page":"4732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deformable Sensors for Pressure and Position Assessment Using Time-Domain Reflectometry in Motor Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9031-7690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cataldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8715-2303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Masciullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0595-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2235-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Pittella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-139X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Piuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8462-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raissa","family":"Schiavoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.04.001","article-title":"Motor rehabilitation and brain plasticity after hemiparetic stroke","volume":"73","author":"Schaechter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. 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