{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:59:55Z","timestamp":1785214795556,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Frontier Technologies R&D Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["BF2025313-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BF2025313-06"]}]},{"name":"Research on Intelligent Perception Methods for Complex Environments in Protected Horticulture"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PAPD-2023-87"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD-2023-87"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semi-active suspension systems combine low power consumption, rapid response, and fail-safe operation by reverting to passive mode after control failure, making them important for intelligent chassis and vibration-control systems. With the development of intelligent actuators, nonlinear modeling, and advanced control methods, this technology is expanding from conventional road vehicles to off-road vehicles and agricultural machinery. Compared with passenger cars, agricultural machinery faces stronger random excitation, time-varying loads, muddy environments, resource-constrained controllers, and requirements for operational accuracy. This review focuses on semi-active damping and vibration-isolation systems for off-road and agricultural applications. Mainstream actuators, control-oriented nonlinear damper models, classical, robust, and adaptive control methods, MPC, DRL, and mechanism\u2013data fusion control are compared in terms of hardware constraints, model accuracy, real-time computation, and agricultural adaptability. Applications in seat\/cab isolation, tractor and tracked chassis systems, rollover prevention, and precision implements are summarized. The review shows that semi-active suspension in agricultural machinery is evolving beyond the conventional trade-off between ride comfort and handling stability toward multi-objective coordination of safety, ground-contact stability, operational accuracy, operator protection, and energy consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26154736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:15:56Z","timestamp":1785140156000},"page":"4736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Semi-Active Suspension Systems: From Advanced Control Algorithms to Emerging Off-Road and Agricultural Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Weidong","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"High-Tech Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment and Intelligence of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"High-Tech Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment and Intelligence of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanian, P.M., Balamurugan, L., and Prabhu, G.A. 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