{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:46:07Z","timestamp":1785818767648,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62475206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62475206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61804036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61804036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["62475206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62475206"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["61804036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61804036"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province","award":["2024GH-ZDXM-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GH-ZDXM-42"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems are pivotal for precise distance and velocity measurement, yet widespread deployment requires solutions that balance their performance, robustness, and simplicity. Here, we propose a novel chaotic LiDAR system based on a semiconductor vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with delayed orthogonal polarization feedback. By exploiting the intrinsic competition between the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes, the system generates polarization-multiplexed dynamics: a chaotic TM mode serves as the reference, while a feedback-modulated TE mode probes the target. This all-in-one source eliminates the need for external optical modulators or complex coherent detection. The system\u2019s dynamics are finely tunable via a half-wave (\u03bb\/2) plate in the feedback loop and the laser injection current, enabling real-time optimization of the cross-correlation signal-to-noise ratio. Experimental results demonstrate precise linear ranging with a resolution of approximately 1.2 cm. Furthermore, the system exhibits strong inherent resistance to external optical interference, maintaining accurate ranging even in the presence of a secondary laser source. This compact, tunable, and interference-resilient platform offers a promising pathway toward low-cost, high-performance LiDAR for applications in autonomous navigation, robotics, and industrial metrology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26154847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:50:21Z","timestamp":1785757821000},"page":"4847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polarization-Multiplexed Chaotic LiDAR Based on a VCSEL with Delayed Orthogonal Feedback"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3322-7554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6543-6574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1698-2083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuiying","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Baland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Physique de Nice, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, UMR 7010 CNRS, 06200 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2239-3","article-title":"Massively parallel coherent laser ranging using a soliton microcomb","volume":"581","author":"Riemensberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/s44287-025-00176-4","article-title":"LiDAR and cameras in autonomous driving","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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