{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:47:00Z","timestamp":1785761220142,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Projekt DEAL"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is characterized by cartilage matrix degeneration, which eventually leads to joint dysfunction and surgical replacement. Preoperative radiography, the standard for treatment decision making, provides limited information on the extent of degeneration, emphasizing the need for quantitative intraoperative techniques. This study evaluates the potential of vibroacoustic signals generated from instrument\u2013tissue interactions to assess cartilage degeneration severity. A total of 136 ex vivo cartilage specimens of varying degeneration severity, histologically graded using the OARSI score, were collected from 41 patients undergoing arthroplasty. The specimens were classified into three groups: healthy cartilage (OARSI \u22642.0), degenerated cartilage (OARSI \u2265 2.5), and subchondral bone. Vibroacoustic signals were captured during specimen palpation using a vibration measurement system affixed to a surgical probe. 26 characteristic signal features were extracted using Continuous-Wavelet Transformation, and their discriminative power was assessed using Support Vector Machine and k-Nearest-Neighbor classifiers under patient- and specimen-level grouped cross-validation with nested hyperparameter tuning. Bone was distinguished from cartilage with 84\u201391% recall. Healthy cartilage (OARSI \u22642.0) was identifiable with 74\u201380% sensitivity, whereas the specificity for degenerated cartilage (OARSI \u2265 2.5) remained limited (40\u201357%), constituting the principal limitation of the approach. Interpreting the binary cartilage classification as a diagnostic test, a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of up to 0.66 (95% CI [0.56, 0.76]). The study demonstrates that vibroacoustic signals from instrument\u2013tissue interactions may provide complementary information for intraoperative cartilage evaluation and may contribute to decision making in arthroplasty, while the reliable grading of cartilage degeneration remains an open challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26154874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:50:21Z","timestamp":1785757821000},"page":"4874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ex Vivo Differentiation of Cartilage Degeneration Severity and Subchondral Bone Using Vibroacoustic Signals from Instrument\u2013Tissue Interaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5132-2884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"S\u00fchn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"SURAG Medical GmbH, 04229 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7002-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazila","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5470-4850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz","family":"Spiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SURAG Medical GmbH, 04229 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Boese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INKA Innovation Laboratory for Image Guided Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9511-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8624-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Friebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0118-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Illanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2962-2183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph H.","family":"Lohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2014.01.004","article-title":"The epidemiology of osteoarthritis","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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