{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:13:45Z","timestamp":1786115625974,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007414","name":"Qassim University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["QU-APC-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-APC-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["QU-APC-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-APC-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01wsfe280","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reproducible electrode placement remains a critical, unresolved challenge in wearable ECG systems, where manual electrode attachment introduces inter-session positional error that degrades signal morphology and compromises multi-lead representation. Although the 12-lead clinical ECG system is the gold standard, conventional setups are often bulky, wired, and dependent on operator expertise, limiting their use in prehospital or remote care. Recent advancements in wearable and wireless ECG systems have improved mobility and real-time monitoring, but they typically suffer from limited lead coverage, discomfort, and unstable connectivity. This paper introduces BioShield-12, an anatomically adaptive thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) shield fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) to improve multi-site electrode placement and 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) reconstruction from a single-shield design based on anthropometric data from ten healthy adults (five male, five female; sizing cohort). Mechanical characterization confirmed TPU\u2019s suitability as a compliant wearable substrate, with toughness of 34.4 MJ\/m3 and elastic modulus of 79.1 MPa. Feasibility validation against a research-grade reference (BIOPAC MP36) in twenty healthy subjects (n = 20; 10 male, 10 female; mean age 21 \u00b1 4 years) demonstrated consistent signal fidelity (SNR: 17.5\u201322.5 dB; Pearson r: 0.93\u20130.98; power-line interference ratio (PLIR): 1.0\u20133.2 \u00d7 10\u22125) and confirmed feasibility of 12-lead reconstruction. This work provides proof-of-concept for an additive manufacturing-based conformal electrode interface that eliminates variability in placement without needing individual attachment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26154936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:30:52Z","timestamp":1785861052000},"page":"4936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["BioShield-12: A 3D-Printed Conformal Chest Shield for Wireless 12-Lead ECG Acquisition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ahsan","family":"Naveed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Rida-e-Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zia Mohy Ud","family":"Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Al","family":"Aishan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hedi Ammar","family":"Guesmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jahan Zeb","family":"Gul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Maynooth University, W23 A3HY Maynooth, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-013-1115-9","article-title":"The effect of precordial lead displacement on ECG morphology","volume":"52","author":"Kania","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. 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