{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:33:26Z","timestamp":1785864806688,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101132308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101132308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["101132308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101132308"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper the design, development, and validation of a set of low-power low-cost sensor systems intended for environmental monitoring and visitor tracking in cultural heritage sites are shown. These systems have been deployed in five pilot cases in four different countries in Europe inside the European ARGUS project. Two different approaches have been defined in the design: the static systems installed in fixed positions and the dynamic systems installed in a moving robot, i.e., a quadruped robot or a drone. The Baltan\u00e1s pilot site has served as the primary testing platform, enabling accelerated prototyping and iterative improvement before deployment across additional pilot locations. This paper presents the design criteria, system architectures, and performance evaluation of these sensor networks, including thermal\u2013humidity probes, volumetric water content sensors, wind measurement systems, pollution monitors, and two generations of visitor counting devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26154941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:30:52Z","timestamp":1785861052000},"page":"4941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sensor System Design and Deployment for Environmental and Visitor Monitoring in Cultural Heritage Sites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4069-015X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Aparicio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Information Technologies Leonardo Torres Quevedo (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C\/Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Ramonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Information Technologies Leonardo Torres Quevedo (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C\/Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1558-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Information Technologies Leonardo Torres Quevedo (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C\/Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5734-8812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dar\u00edo","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Information Technologies Leonardo Torres Quevedo (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C\/Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio de la","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Information Technologies Leonardo Torres Quevedo (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C\/Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Information Technologies Leonardo Torres Quevedo (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C\/Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, C. 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