{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:23:31Z","timestamp":1786116211957,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFS0221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFS0221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFS0179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFS0179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2021YFS0221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFS0221"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04323m874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2023YFS0179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFS0179"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04323m874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12472076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12472076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["12472076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12472076"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) is essential for structural assessment of the anterior eye, yet automated landmark localization remains challenged by pervasive speckle noise, indistinct tissue interfaces, and labor-intensive manual annotation with notable inter-observer variability. This study presents NSE YOLO, an enhanced YOLOv11 framework for high-precision landmark localization in AS-OCT images after implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation. It integrates a dual-branch NewConv module for multi-scale feature extraction, a dual-additive residual self-attention block (SABlock) to suppress background interference, and a Mamba-based EfficientViMBlock embedded in the C3k2 module to balance global contextual modeling and computational efficiency. Validated on 672 expert-annotated postoperative ICL images from 60 patients, NSE YOLO achieved an mAP@0.5 of 90.7% and mAP@0.5:0.95 of 85.1%, outperforming the YOLOv11 baseline by 5.2% and 6.6% with only 2.86 million parameters. Bland\u2013Altman analysis showed negligible systematic bias and narrow limits of agreement for anterior chamber depth. For iridocorneal angle measurements, directional deviations and wider limits of agreement were observed, with performance approaching the level of inter-observer variability among human annotators. NSE YOLO enables automated quantification of anterior chamber depth and bilateral iridocorneal angles for post-ICL follow-up assessment, providing preliminary technical validation supporting further external and device-level evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26154982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T08:08:02Z","timestamp":1786003682000},"page":"4982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated Anatomical Landmark Localization in Anterior Segment OCT Images Using an Efficient Deep Learning Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Liangqi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingping","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00275-3","article-title":"The use of optical coherence tomography and visual evoked potentials in the 2024 McDonald diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Saidha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.485082","article-title":"Nanosensitive optical coherence tomography for detecting structural changes in stem cells","volume":"14","author":"Arangath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04263-z","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and convolutional neural networks can differentiate colorectal liver metastases from liver parenchyma ex vivo","volume":"149","author":"Amygdalos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2025-002328","article-title":"Retinal biomarkers for early Alzheimer\u2019s detection: A systematic review of optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings","volume":"11","author":"Lepoittevin","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.14.11.22","article-title":"Analysis of the retinal microcirculation in chinese patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease by optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-023-03747-9","article-title":"Pulsed thulium laser blood vessel haemostasis as an alternative to bipolar forceps during neurosurgical tumour resection","volume":"38","author":"Hutfilz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-021-02457-3","article-title":"Intelligent optical diagnosis and treatment system for automated image-guided laser ablation of tumors","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.neo.7900071","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography: An Emerging Technology for Biomedical Imaging and Optical Biopsy","volume":"2","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-024-16632-8","article-title":"Cutting Edge Microscopic Intraoperative Tissue Assessment for Guidance in Oncologic Surgery: A Systematic Review of the Role of Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"32","author":"Pavone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.04.002","article-title":"Anterior segment optical coherence tomography","volume":"66","author":"Ang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, Y.J., Azzopardi, M., Hussain, G., Recchioni, A., Gandhewar, J., Loizou, C., Giachos, I., Barua, A., and Ting, D.S.J. (2024). Clinical applications of anterior segment optical coherence tomography: An updated review. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020122"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xvi","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.01.006","article-title":"Anterior segment imaging for angle closure","volume":"188","author":"Chansangpetch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.073","article-title":"Detection of primary angle closure using anterior segment optical coherence tomography in Asian eyes","volume":"114","author":"Nolan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.06.030","article-title":"Comparison of gonioscopy and anterior segment ocular coherence tomography in detecting angle closure in different quadrants of the anterior chamber angle","volume":"115","author":"Sakata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2017.03.004","article-title":"Guiding flying-spot laser transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy with optical coherence tomography","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000498","article-title":"Keratoconus detection using OCT corneal and epithelial thickness map parameters and patterns","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.08.037","article-title":"Comparison of newer intraocular lens power calculation methods for eyes after corneal refractive surgery","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.07.034","article-title":"The Prospective Intraoperative and Perioperative Ophthalmic ImagiNg with Optical CoherEncE TomogRaphy Study: 2-year results","volume":"158","author":"Ehlers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.10.001","article-title":"Intraoperative anterior segment optical coherence tomography, a novel assessment tool during deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty","volume":"157","author":"Mehta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatzimichail, E., Chondrozoumakis, G., Doroodgar, F., Vounotrypidis, E., Panos, G.D., and Gatzioufas, Z. (2024). Emerging applications of intraoperative optical coherence tomography in corneal surgery: A narrative review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185426"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.03.008","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography","volume":"39","author":"Psomadakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00162-2","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography","volume":"2","author":"Bouma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04551.x","article-title":"Morphology of basal cell carcinoma in high definition optical coherence tomography: En-face and slice imaging mode, and comparison with histology","volume":"27","author":"Maier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2012.01569.x","article-title":"High-definition optical coherence tomography enables visualization of individual cells in healthy skin: Comparison to reflectance confocal microscopy","volume":"21","author":"Boone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01263-6","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in the 2020s\u2014Outside the eye clinic","volume":"35","author":"Chopra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5614","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.12.005614","article-title":"Pulsed-source and swept-source spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with reduced motion artifacts","volume":"12","author":"Yun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.06.002","article-title":"Projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography of macular retinal circulation in glaucoma","volume":"124","author":"Takusagawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.003931","article-title":"Real-time fiber-based multi-functional spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at 1.3 \u00b5m","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.08.004","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography in actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Olsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.02.003","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of actinic keratosis\u2014A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Friis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esperouz, F., Ciavarella, D., Lorusso, M., Santarelli, A., Lo Muzio, L., Campisi, G., and Lo Russo, L. (2025). Critical review of OCT in clinical practice for the assessment of oral lesions. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1569197"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14795","article-title":"Reflectance confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus and surrounding subclinical lesions","volume":"32","author":"Mandel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30240-5","article-title":"A global review of publicly available datasets for ophthalmological imaging: Barriers to access, usability, and generalisability","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.70027","article-title":"Polarisation-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Surgical Margin Evaluation and Diagnosis of Excised Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumours","volume":"24","author":"Orona","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17738","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017738","article-title":"Endometrium imaging using real-time rotational optical coherence tomography imaging system","volume":"98","author":"Law","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1430","article-title":"Use of non-invasive optical imaging techniques in dermatology","volume":"23","author":"Winkler","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07092-4","article-title":"Precise detection of Eimeria oocysts in sheep: A deep learning model based on microscopic images","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4944","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3361491","article-title":"A Two-Stage Noise-Tolerant Paradigm for Label Corrupted Person Re-Identification","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23729","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-08976-6","article-title":"A review of object detection based on deep learning","volume":"79","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.107061","article-title":"An Improved YOLOv11 architecture with multi-scale attention and spatial fusion for fine-grained residual detection","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2844175","article-title":"Mask R-CNN","volume":"42","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15650","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3292030","article-title":"Sparse R-CNN: An End-to-End Framework for Object Detection","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-025-11296-6","article-title":"A comprehensive review of AI methods in upper extremity\/limb bone fracture detection","volume":"58","author":"Pour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2025.103269","article-title":"Underwater image captioning via attention mechanism based fusion of visual and textual information","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"187","article-title":"Multi-stage fusion of dual attention mask R-CNN and geometric filtering for fast and accurate localization of occluded apples","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Agric."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"327","article-title":"An efficient strawberry segmentation model based on Mask R-CNN and TensorRT","volume":"15","author":"Crespo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Agric."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106116","article-title":"Domain knowledge-driven image captioning for bridge damage description generation","volume":"174","author":"Chai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-025-11253-3","article-title":"YOLO advances to its genesis: A decadal and comprehensive review of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) series","volume":"58","author":"Sapkota","year":"2025","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"3259","article-title":"Instance Shadow Detection with a Single-Stage Detector","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-025-02669-3","article-title":"Intelligent GD&T symbol detection in mechanical drawings: A comparative study of YOLOv11, Faster R-CNN, and RetinaNet for quality assurance","volume":"37","author":"Reddy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atech.2024.100614","article-title":"Synthetic meets authentic: Leveraging LLM generated datasets for YOLO11 and YOLOv10-based apple detection through machine vision sensors","volume":"9","author":"Sapkota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Agric. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"84","article-title":"Comparing YOLOv8 and Mask R-CNN for instance segmentation in complex orchard environments","volume":"13","author":"Sapkota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Agric."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2024.101190","article-title":"CSFF-YOLOv5: Improved YOLOv5 based on channel split and feature fusion in femoral neck fracture detection","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2025.108189","article-title":"WaveNet-SF: A hybrid network for retinal disease detection based on wavelet transform in spatial-frequency domain","volume":"194","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neural. Netw."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2025.108772","article-title":"Global-Local Transformer Network for Automatic Retinal Pathological Fluid Segmentation in Optical Coherence Tomography Images","volume":"266","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2020.04.15","article-title":"Repeatability and agreement of two anterior segment OCT in myopic patients before implantable collamer lenses implantation","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S409132","article-title":"Agreement of corneal diameter and anterior chamber depth measurements with the IOLMaster 500 and the IOLMaster 700 optical biometers in myopic eyes","volume":"17","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.118901","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of anterior chamber angle measurement with anterior segment optical coherence tomography","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.10.012","article-title":"Anterior Chamber Angle Assessment Techniques","volume":"53","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21037\/aes-24-40","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and refractive surgeries including laser vision correction and phakic IOL implantation\u2014A narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Eye Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/15\/4982\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T08:11:58Z","timestamp":1786003918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/15\/4982"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s26154982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26154982","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]}}}