{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:29:02Z","timestamp":1786357742908,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023.05546.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.05546.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2023.05546.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.05546.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marker-based motion capture systems are widely used to estimate joint kinematics, yet their accuracy depends strongly on how anatomical segments and coordinate systems are defined. This proof-of-concept study aimed to describe and technically evaluate a structured and reproducible framework for upper-limb segment definition and joint-angle computation. Reflective markers were placed on anatomical landmarks of the trunk and upper limbs, and joint angles were computed using custom-developed MATLAB R2022b (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) routines. Baseline-corrected model-derived joint angles were compared with composite reference measurements obtained using a universal manual goniometer and a twin-axis biosignalsplux goniometer under predefined static conditions in two adult participants. Side-specific mean absolute error values ranged from 0.80\u00b0 to 5.24\u00b0, while root mean square error values ranged from 0.86\u00b0 to 5.24\u00b0. The largest discrepancies were observed during maximum wrist extension and left maximum radial deviation. The evaluated static observations showed close correspondence in several joint positions, although larger discrepancies occurred in selected end-range wrist positions. Given the limited sample, single recordings, and controlled static conditions, these findings should be interpreted as an initial demonstration of technical feasibility rather than evidence of generalisable validity or repeatability. The explicit framework provides a basis for further evaluation using larger samples, repeated marker applications, repeated trials, and dynamic multi-planar upper-limb tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26165047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:24:53Z","timestamp":1786353893000},"page":"5047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Proof-of-Concept Framework for Upper-Limb Segment Definition and Joint Angle Computation Using Marker-Based Motion Capture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0334-3503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina M.","family":"Amaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE\u2014ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7479-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, 0863 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1500-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE\u2014ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, ciTechCare, CDRSP, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"RoboCorp Laboratory, i2a, IPC Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2433-5193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RoboCorp Laboratory, i2a, IPC Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2885-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz B.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE\u2014ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(99)00023-8","article-title":"The measurement of human motion: A comparison of commercially available systems","volume":"18","author":"Richards","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. 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