{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:29:13Z","timestamp":1786357753225,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurological disorders drive demand for prolonged upper-limb rehabilitation, yet specialist access is uneven and assessment stays subjective. Marker-based and inertial measurement unit (IMU) systems are accurate but costly and impractical at home, while pose estimation pipelines mostly stop at keypoints, and many process video server-side, raising privacy concerns. We present a markerless pipeline that analyzes monocular RGB video entirely on-device in the browser, so it never leaves the machine. From 33 BlazePose keypoints, it derives five geometric metrics designed to limit body-size dependence\u2014incomplete elbow extension, inter-limb asymmetry, shoulder girdle elevation, lateral trunk lean, and head tilt\u2014compared against empirically calibrated, preliminary thresholds; a finite-state machine segments repetitions, and the flags are pooled into an unvalidated, exploratory quality score. Against an IMU reference over the 0\u201362\u2218 range that the recordings cover, the image-plane angle showed a mean absolute error of 2.18\u2218, below the pre-specified 5\u2218 tolerance, a trajectory-averaged bias within \u00b12\u2218, and Lin\u2019s concordance correlation coefficient of 0.956; the difference is, however, proportional to the angle\u2014about 4% of the measured value\u2014so the accuracy should not be extrapolated to larger elevations, and because that comparison was made offline, it does not include the timing error of the causal real-time path. On a single seated frontal-plane abduction task, with 18 healthy volunteers simulating the compensations and annotated by two independent clinicians blind to the instructed condition, compensation detection reached a macro-averaged F1 of 0.75 and 0.72 against the individual raters. The five signs differ in maturity: near-expert for trunk lean and head tilt, moderate for incomplete elbow extension and inter-limb asymmetry, and weakest for shoulder elevation, which a single frontal view cannot fully disentangle from the abduction motion. Running at 22\u201330 frames per second on consumer laptops without relying on a discrete GPU, it offers an accessible, privacy-preserving proof-of-concept foundation for home telerehabilitation; generalization beyond this one exercise and effectiveness on genuine post-stroke compensations remain to be established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26165054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:24:53Z","timestamp":1786353893000},"page":"5054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Markerless On-Device Detection of Compensatory Movement Patterns in Upper-Limb Rehabilitation Exercises from Monocular RGB Video: A Validation Study in Healthy Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6165-7474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artem","family":"Pavlikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technologies, Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics (MTUCI), Aviamotornaya St. 8A, Moscow 111024, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0416-047X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Petrosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technologies, Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics (MTUCI), Aviamotornaya St. 8A, Moscow 111024, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8811-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladislav","family":"Agapov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technologies, Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics (MTUCI), Aviamotornaya St. 8A, Moscow 111024, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1739-9831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Gorodnichev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technologies, Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics (MTUCI), Aviamotornaya St. 8A, Moscow 111024, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7741-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danila","family":"Lobunko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency (FMBA of Russia), Ostrovityanova St. 1, Bldg. 10, Moscow 117513, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2794-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Skvortsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency (FMBA of Russia), Ostrovityanova St. 1, Bldg. 10, Moscow 117513, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Disorders Affecting the Nervous System, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000098","article-title":"Guidelines for Adult Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"47","author":"Winstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.004695","article-title":"Is More Better? 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