{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:29:55Z","timestamp":1787027395104,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PID2024-162745OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-162745OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PID2024-162745OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-162745OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is widely used to assess functional mobility in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), although total test duration may overlook phase-specific biomechanical alterations. This cross-sectional study investigated whether phase-specific analysis of the instrumented TUG (iTUG) could identify candidate biomechanical markers characterizing differences among early-stage PD subgroups and healthy controls. Seventy-nine participants (38 PD, 41 controls) performed four iTUG trials in the OFF-medication state. Movement data were collected using synchronized inertial measurement units and optoelectronic motion capture systems. The iTUG was segmented into six phases, and temporal, spatiotemporal, variability, and multisegmental kinematic parameters were analyzed. Participants with PD at modified Hoehn and Yahr (mH&amp;Y) stage 2 performed the iTUG more slowly than controls (p &lt; 0.001), mainly due to impairments during walking (p = 0.012) and turning. Turning was the only phase that distinguished controls from individuals with PD at mH&amp;Y stages 1\u20131.5 (p = 0.015), who also showed increased elbow asymmetry (p = 0.009). Participants with PD at mH&amp;Y stage 2 exhibited broader differences, including increased double-support time, shorter stride length, lower walking speed, reduced frontal-plane control, and reduced trunk, elbow, hip, and ankle motion, whereas gait variability did not differ significantly between groups. Sagittal trunk ROM on the less affected side was the only variable that significantly differed between the two PD subgroups. These findings suggest that phase-specific iTUG analysis may reveal candidate biomechanical markers associated with mH&amp;Y stage and functional mobility impairment and support sensor-based assessment for objective characterization of functional mobility in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26165177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:00:05Z","timestamp":1786964405000},"page":"5177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Instrumented Timed Up and Go Analysis Identifies Biomechanical Markers Across Early Hoehn and Yahr Stages of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6754-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Molero-Mateo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Biomechanics, Ergonomics and Motor Control (LAMBECOM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5535-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlota","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioRobotics Group, Centre for Automation and Robotics (CAR), Spanish National Research Council, 28006 Arganda del Rey, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9095-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Torres-Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioRobotics Group, Centre for Automation and Robotics (CAR), Spanish National Research Council, 28006 Arganda del Rey, Spain"},{"name":"E.T.S. Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7766-1507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Biomechanics, Ergonomics and Motor Control (LAMBECOM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8767-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Torricelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioRobotics Group, Centre for Automation and Robotics (CAR), Spanish National Research Council, 28006 Arganda del Rey, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130rem","family":"Akg\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27410 Gaziantep, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-387X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Andr\u00e9s","family":"G\u00f3mez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioRobotics Group, Centre for Automation and Robotics (CAR), Spanish National Research Council, 28006 Arganda del Rey, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6362-3748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Algaba-Vidoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioRobotics Group, Centre for Automation and Robotics (CAR), Spanish National Research Council, 28006 Arganda del Rey, Spain"},{"name":"E.T.S. Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2825-8655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Carratal\u00e1-Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Biomechanics, Ergonomics and Motor Control (LAMBECOM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3250-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sim\u00f3n","family":"Garc\u00eda-Diego-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Biomechanics, Ergonomics and Motor Control (LAMBECOM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1362-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Navarro-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Biomechanics, Ergonomics and Motor Control (LAMBECOM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeray","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Zamorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation Research Group (NECODOR), Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2054-3622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel M\u00aa","family":"Alguacil-Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Biomechanics, Ergonomics and Motor Control (LAMBECOM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8616-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Molina-Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Biomechanics, Ergonomics and Motor Control (LAMBECOM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0241-2","article-title":"Auto Detection and Segmentation of Daily Living Activities during a Timed Up and Go Task in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Multiple Inertial Sensors","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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