{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:25:28Z","timestamp":1787030728158,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":402,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2013the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04033\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04033\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h1p3y81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chemistry Research Center","award":["UID\/00616\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00616\/2025"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation program under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement FLAVOURID","award":["101270413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101270413"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NORTE2030-FEDER-01786100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2030-FEDER-01786100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NORTE2030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart chemical sensors have emerged as promising tools for real-time monitoring of food spoilage in both fermented and non-fermented products. By detecting key spoilage indicators\u2014including biogenic amines, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, pH variations, and microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs)\u2014these systems enable rapid, on-site assessment of food quality, offering a viable alternative to conventional, time-consuming laboratory analyses. Recent advances encompass diverse sensing mechanisms, including chemiresistive platforms based on conducting polymers and MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems); optical\/colorimetric systems using dyes, metal\u2013organic frameworks, and porphyrins; and electrochemical and biosensing approaches employing enzymes, antibodies, aptamers, and whole-cell recognition elements. These sensors demonstrate high sensitivity (ppb\u2013ppm range), enabling early detection of spoilage before sensory perception or microbiological threshold exceedance. Their applicability has been validated across a wide range of food matrices, including meat, fish, dairy products, vegetables, beverages, and fermented foods. Despite significant progress, key challenges persist, including signal drift, limited specificity, susceptibility to environmental factors such as humidity and temperature, and interference from complex food matrices. Furthermore, integration into intelligent packaging requires the development of flexible, food-safe, and regulatory-compliant materials. Emerging approaches that combine sensor arrays with machine learning and MVOC pattern recognition are enhancing predictive accuracy and enabling food classification across commodity types. Overall, smart chemical sensing technologies are rapidly transitioning from laboratory prototypes to practical applications in intelligent packaging and wireless monitoring systems, with ongoing research focused on improving robustness, standardization, and scalability for commercial deployment. This article provides an overview of the topic, drawing on the available bibliography from the last five years and the most-cited scientific databases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26165186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:00:05Z","timestamp":1786964405000},"page":"5186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Smart Chemical Sensors for Monitoring and Detection of Spoilage in Fermented and Non-Fermented Food Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Catarina","family":"Marques-Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Industriales, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. de la Investigaci\u00f3n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Chemistry Research Center-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Department of Agronomy, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Cosme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Center-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), Department of Agronomy, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, 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Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1335-4214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"In\u00eas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Center-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6291-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Aires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production 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