{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:18:29Z","timestamp":1787635109647,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Women and Children\u2019s Hospital of Dalian University of Technology","award":["2024ZDJH01PT042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZDJH01PT042"]}]},{"name":"Women and Children\u2019s Hospital of Dalian University of Technology","award":["DUT25YG271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT25YG271"]}]},{"award":["2024ZDJH01PT042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZDJH01PT042"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/023hj5876","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DUT25YG271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT25YG271"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/023hj5876","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nucleic acids are critical biomarkers that provide essential information throughout disease progression, making their detection critical to early diagnosis of both infectious and non-infectious diseases. However, existing detection methods, including classical analytical techniques and even most reported biosensors, are often constrained by complex procedures, high costs, and limited sensitivity, with the majority operating at the femtomolar level and failing to achieve single-molecule detection needed for early-stage diagnosis. Here, we report an electrochemical biosensor based on silver nanoflowers (AgNFs) integrated with stem-loop probes (SPs) for universal nucleic acid detection, using Norovirus RNA as a model target to validate the platform. The SPs serve as critical elements in a signal amplification system, converting target binding into a biotin\u2013streptavidin recognition event, which leads to the accumulation of AgNFs-SP complexes on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes and generates a strong electrochemical signal. Under optimized conditions with a 50 min hybridization incubation (total assay time ~60 min), the sensor exhibits a linear response to Norovirus RNA concentrations from 1 aM to 10 fM, with a measured detection limit of 1 aM, achieving single-molecule-level detection capability. For applications requiring faster turnaround, a 20 min hybridization incubation (~30 min total assay time) shifts the linear range to 0.1 fM\u20131 pM with a measured detection limit of 0.1 fM, offering more rapid quantification when the maximum sensitivity is not required. The proposed biosensor is cost-effective, amenable to miniaturization, and designed as a versatile platform adaptable to other nucleic acid targets by simply modifying the probe sequence, showing broad potential for early diagnosis of various diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26165308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:20:36Z","timestamp":1787322036000},"page":"5308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Biosensor for Nucleic Acid Detection Based on Silver Nanoflower-Stem-Loop Probes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yingying","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Women and Children\u2019s Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116000, China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Women and Children\u2019s Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Women and Children\u2019s Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116000, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Women and Children\u2019s Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116000, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5375-0505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Women and Children\u2019s Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116000, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Women and Children\u2019s Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5392-8019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hangyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Women and Children\u2019s Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116000, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-020-00613-6","article-title":"Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Nucleic Acid Detection","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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