{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T12:26:23Z","timestamp":1787574383865,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3402800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3402800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62501292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62501292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62501292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62501292"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology\u2019s major project on frontier-leading basic research in technology","award":["BK2023200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK2023200"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010023","name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24KJB520020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24KJB520020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution and non-contact optical imaging and sensing modality that provides depth-resolved cross-sectional visualization of retinal microstructures. It plays an important role in the assessment of retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME). However, automated OCT image classification commonly relies on fully supervised models that require large-scale expert annotations, which are costly and time-consuming because of the complex layered anatomy and subtle pathological patterns present in retinal OCT images. To reduce annotation dependence, this study proposes a self-supervised representation learning framework with local dimensionality regularization for retinal OCT image classification. The proposed method estimates the local intrinsic dimensionality of learned representations and incorporates it into an asymptotic Fisher-Rao regularization objective to mitigate local dimensional degeneration and preserve fine-grained structural information. Logarithmic scaling and geometric averaging are further introduced to reduce sensitivity to outliers and improve optimization stability. Experiments on three independent OCT datasets achieved classification accuracies of 94.35%, 92.48%, and 92.56%, respectively, demonstrating competitive performance compared with mainstream self-supervised methods. These results demonstrate that explicitly modeling local feature geometry can improve the discrimination of sensor-acquired OCT images while reducing reliance on manual annotations, providing an effective approach for intelligent analysis of biomedical optical imaging data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1787572039000},"page":"5338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Supervised OCT Representation Learning with Local Dimensionality Regularization for Automated Retinal Disease Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8994-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangge","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Medical Image Computing (IMIC), School of Artificial Intelligence\/School of Future Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4489-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenrui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Medical Image Computing (IMIC), School of Artificial Intelligence\/School of Future Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0341-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Medical Image Computing (IMIC), School of Artificial Intelligence\/School of Future Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5315-8811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Medical Image Computing (IMIC), School of Artificial Intelligence\/School of Future Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8741-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuemei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Medical Image Computing (IMIC), School of Artificial Intelligence\/School of Future Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.04.021","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy: A prospective pilot study","volume":"160","author":"Ishibazawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. 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