{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:13:48Z","timestamp":1788527628366,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":368,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Recent advancements in enabling technologies, including artificial intelligence and telemedicine, alongside robust clinical study outcomes, have led to significant progress in upper limb and hand exoskeletons utilised for post-stroke rehabilitation. Objectives: This review aims to synthesize the recent scientific literature (2010\u20132025) on post-stroke upper-limb and hand exoskeletons, with particular attention to the sensing architectures\u2014sensing modalities, signal processing, sensor fusion, and sensor-driven control\u2014that integrate technical and biomedical domains to examine device architecture, clinical context, and outcome selection. Methods: A search of PubMed and Scopus was conducted on 10 November 2025, cross-checked against IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, Embase, and ACM Digital Library. We included studies evaluating wearable exoskeletons or robotic orthoses for the upper limb\/hand in post-stroke rehabilitation. Two independent reviewers screened records and extracted data, with disagreements resolved by consensus. Data were synthesised using a predefined label-based taxonomy. The review protocol was not registered. Results: From 1889 identified records, 219 studies met the inclusion criteria. The synthesis reveals a transition from rigid, laboratory-centered systems to lighter, soft, and home-oriented solutions. Available evidence suggests potential impairment-level benefits, particularly for proximal motor control, but certainty remains limited due to heterogeneity, small samples, blinding limitations, inconsistent dosing, and limited long-term follow-up; gains in hand\/finger dexterity appear even more variable. Discussion: While exoskeleton-assisted therapy appears associated with impairment-level gains, transfer to activities of daily living (ADLs) and real-world function remains inconsistently documented and insufficiently powered to support firm conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1787670067000},"page":"5373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recent Advances in Sensor-Based Upper-Limb and Hand Exoskeletons for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: A Technical and Biomedical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7069-1095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Borboni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4170-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Verzeletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4264-6857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Rastegarpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Hugo","family":"Villafa\u00f1e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa de Villafa\u00f1e, 10045 Piossasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00867-7","article-title":"Evidence of neuroplasticity with robotic hand exoskeleton for post-stroke rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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