{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:18:16Z","timestamp":1787890696285,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prosthetic socket is the essential interface between the residual limb and the prosthesis. However, traditional upper-limb sockets are highly sensitive to residual-limb volume fluctuations and rely on experience-dependent manual fabrication processes. Additive manufacturing and 3D scanning technologies offer the possibility of producing personalized sockets, potentially improving accessibility, repeatability, and cost-effectiveness. Despite this potential, there is still a lack of systematic experimental validation directly comparing the fitting performance of personalized 3D-printed sockets with that of conventionally manufactured sockets. This study presents the design, fabrication, and comparative validation of a personalized 3D-printed upper-limb socket and a traditionally manufactured socket produced for the same user. The 3D-printed socket was developed from a 3D scanning of a clinically rectified plaster mold, computer-aided design, and material extrusion by thermal reaction bonding. A comparative validation framework evaluated both sockets under equivalent conditions, including mechanical testing, thermal behavior assessment, and sensorized fitting measurements. The results provide quantitative evidence on how a personalized 3D-printed socket performs relative to a traditional socket in terms of structural behavior, thermal patterns, and interface-related fitting parameters. This work contributes objective data supporting 3D-printed personalized sockets as a technically feasible and promising alternative to conventional methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1787670067000},"page":"5374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and Fitting Performance of a 3D-Printed Personalized Upper-Limb Socket: A Comparative Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"J. Carlos","family":"D\u00edaz-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castell\u00f3 de la Plana, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4644-1886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Roda-Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castell\u00f3 de la Plana, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3975-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Gonell-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castell\u00f3 de la Plana, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9378-1947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Immaculada","family":"Llop-Harillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castell\u00f3 de la Plana, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roda-Sales, A., and Llop-Harillo, I. 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