{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:10:43Z","timestamp":1791839443858,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007199","name":"Utah Agricultural Experiment Station","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02d5zdh33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R15HL168697-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R15HL168697-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["1R15HL168697-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R15HL168697-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanoplastics and microplastics have become an increasing ecological and health concern due to their widespread presence in the environment and food chain. In this study, Caco-2 cells were used as an in vitro model of the human intestinal epithelium to investigate the cytotoxic effects of polystyrene nanoparticles and microparticles of varying sizes, concentrations, and surface modification. Oxidative stress and apoptosis were evaluated following particle exposure. Raman spectroscopy, combined with machine learning analysis, was employed to detect and characterize biochemical alterations in the cells. Several peak ratios were selected to cluster data depending on size. A correlation between apoptosis and both concentration and Raman score was established highlighting its potential as a non-invasive tool to monitor nanoparticle-induced cellular damage. Resveratrol pretreatment reduced some of these harmful effects of amine-modified nanoplastics, reducing reactive oxygen species generation. This study demonstrates the potential of combining Raman spectroscopy and machine learning to assess the cytotoxic effects of micro- and nanoplastics and identifies protective strategies such as antioxidant pretreatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1787670067000},"page":"5375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Probe Cytotoxic and Oxidative Stress Effects of Nanoplastics on Caco-2 Cells: Insights from Raman Spectroscopy and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Bryan","family":"Gustafson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7917-9222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Negar","family":"Kosari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7777-5476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Brothersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0655-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"Mosher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6645-6375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anhong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2021.01.004","article-title":"Pathways of Human Exposure to Microplastics, and Estimation of the Total Burden","volume":"39","author":"Domenech","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2804","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.2804","article-title":"Molecular Toxicity of Nanoplastics Involving in Oxidative Stress and Desoxyribonucleic Acid Damage","volume":"32","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recognit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114375","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanoplastics Promote the Apoptosis in Caco-2 Cells Induced by Okadaic Acid More than Microplastics","volume":"249","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123778","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanoplastic Induces Oxidative Stress, Immune Defense, and Glycometabolism Change in Daphnia Pulex: Application of Transcriptome Profiling in Risk Assessment of Nanoplastics","volume":"402","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z., Zhang, Y., He, L., Zhou, C., Hong, P., Qian, Z.-J., Ju, X., Sun, S., and Li, C. (2022). Nanoplastics Induce More Severe Apoptosis through Mitochondrial Damage in Caco-2 Cells Compared to Sub-Micron Plastics. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1417473\/v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roursgaard, M., Hezareh Rothmann, M., Schulte, J., Karadimou, I., Marinelli, E., and M\u00f8ller, P. (2022). Genotoxicity of Particles From Grinded Plastic Items in Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.906430"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7068","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01517","article-title":"Human Consumption of Microplastics","volume":"53","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134253","article-title":"Effect of Micro- and Nanoplastic Particles on Human Macrophages","volume":"471","author":"Adler","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.01.056","article-title":"Size-Dependent Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Cytotoxicity and Efflux Pump Inhibition in Human Caco-2 Cells","volume":"221","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inkielewicz-Stepniak, I., Tajber, L., Behan, G., Zhang, H., Radomski, M., Medina, C., and Santos-Martinez, M. (2018). The Role of Mucin in the Toxicological Impact of Polystyrene Nanoparticles. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11050724"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.111106","article-title":"Hazard Assessment of Small-Size Plastic Particles: Is the Conceptual Framework of Particle Toxicology Useful?","volume":"136","author":"Heddagaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.05.102","article-title":"Recent Advances in Toxicological Research of Nanoplastics in the Environment: A Review","volume":"252","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-021-00414-1","article-title":"Underestimated Health Risks: Polystyrene Micro- and Nanoplastics Jointly Induce Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by ROS-Mediated Epithelial Cell Apoptosis","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02478-7","article-title":"Uptake and Effects of Orally Ingested Polystyrene Microplastic Particles in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"93","author":"Stock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.03.006","article-title":"Protein Machineries Defining Pathways of Nanocarrier Exocytosis and Transcytosis","volume":"71","author":"Reinholz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elumalai, S., Manag\u00f3, S., and De Luca, A.C. (2020). Raman Microscopy: Progress in Research on Cancer Cell Sensing. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195525"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toma\u017ei\u010d, S., and \u0160krjanc, I. (2023). Halfway to Automated Feeding of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146618"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delfino, I., Ricciardi, V., Manti, L., Lasalvia, M., and Lepore, M. (2019). Multivariate Analysis of Difference Raman Spectra of the Irradiated Nucleus and Cytoplasm Region of SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183971"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, J., Ji, W., Wang, L., Ao, J., and Zhang, L. (2026). Advances of Surface-Enhanced and Coherent Raman Scattering Spectromicroscopy for Micro- and Nanoplastics Detection. J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci., 2630013.","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793545826300132"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c03074","article-title":"Noise Management of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Two-Dimensional Materials","volume":"11","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5780","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs35127g","article-title":"Nanomaterials in Complex Biological Systems: Insights from Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"41","author":"Drescher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alghazeer, R., Burwaiss, A.A., Howell, N.K., Alansari, W.S., Shamlan, G., and Eskandrani, A.A. (2020). Determining the Cytotoxicity of Oxidized Lipids in Cultured Caco-2 Cells Using Bioimaging Techniques. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071693"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128553","article-title":"Quantifying Micro- and Nanoplastics in Blood, Urine, and Soft Tissues Using Optimized Cascaded Microfiltration and Pyrolysis-GC\/MS for Exposomic Investigations","volume":"405","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2011.12.007","article-title":"Differential Protective Effects of Quercetin, Resveratrol, Rutin and Epigallocatechin Gallate against Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Indomethacin in Caco-2 Cells","volume":"195","author":"Mizgier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22586","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101846200","article-title":"Specific Structural Determinants Are Responsible for the Antioxidant Activity and the Cell Cycle Effects of Resveratrol","volume":"276","author":"Stivala","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kung, H.-C., Lin, K.-J., Kung, C.-T., and Lin, T.-K. (2021). Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neuroprotection of Polyphenols with Respect to Resveratrol in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080918"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54552-w","article-title":"A Multi-Scale Approach to Study Biochemical and Biophysical Aspects of Resveratrol on Diesel Exhaust Particle-Human Primary Lung Cell Interaction","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511000316","article-title":"Resveratrol Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Reduces Oxidative Stress and Activates the Akt Pathway in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"106","author":"Laczy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.06.002","article-title":"Mechanism for the Protective Effect of Resveratrol against Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Death","volume":"49","author":"Fukui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110783","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Inhibition by Resveratrol in Alcohol-Dependent Mice","volume":"79\u201380","author":"Petrella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104294","article-title":"Nanoplastics Induced Oxidative Stress and VEGF Production in Aortic Endothelial Cells","volume":"104","author":"Basini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153391","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and Pro-Inflammatory Effect of Polystyrene Nano-Plastic and Micro-Plastic on RAW264.7 Cells","volume":"484","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174418","article-title":"Synergy between Nanoplastics and Benzo[a]Pyrene Promotes Senescence by Aggravating Ferroptosis and Impairing Mitochondria Integrity in Caenorhabditis Elegans","volume":"946","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6124","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AN00938A","article-title":"Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Promotes an Aggressive Phenotype of Colon and Breast Cancer Cells with Biochemical Changes Investigated by Single-Cell Raman Microspectroscopy and Machine Learning Analysis","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Resveratrol Induced Reactive Oxygen Species and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stressmediated Apoptosis, and Cell Cycle Arrest in the A375SM Malignant Melanoma Cell Line","volume":"42","author":"Heo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCoy, N.D., Gawrys, S.P., Mackintosh, S.G., Byrum, S., Kosari, N., Zhou, A., Mansoor, M.A.M., Ikeno, Y., Isola, J.V.V., and Stout, M.B. (2025). Ovarian Somatic Tissue Rejuvenates Circulating Apolipoproteins and Promotes Cognitive Health in Postreproductive Female Mice. GeroScience.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-02019-4"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.6842","article-title":"Machine Learning of Raman Spectroscopic Data: Comparison of Different Validation Strategies","volume":"56","author":"Lilek","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345655","article-title":"Cross-Study Validation and Guidance for Resampling Approaches for Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis in Spectral Machine Learning","volume":"1414","author":"Holman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiffert, S., Weber, S., Sack, U., and Keller, T. (2024). Use of Logit Transformation within Statistical Analyses of Experimental Results Obtained as Proportions: Example of Method Validation Experiments and EQA in Flow Cytometry. Front. Mol. Biosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1335174"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starbuck, C. (2023). Logistic Regression. The Fundamentals of People Analytics: With Applications in R, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-28674-2_12"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.101","article-title":"Principal Component Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Abdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"WIREs Comput. Stat."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"119","article-title":"T-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding with Inhomogeneous Degrees of Freedom","volume":"Volume 9949","author":"Hirose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Information Processing"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Moon, K.R., Van Dijk, D., Wang, Z., Gigante, S., Burkhardt, D.B., Chen, W.S., Yim, K., Van Den Elzen, A., Hirn, M.J., and Coifman, R.R. (2024, January 25). Visualizing Structure and Transitions for Biological Data Exploration. Available online: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3155891."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201100890","article-title":"Label-Free Live-Cell Imaging of Nucleic Acids Using Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e194303","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.194303","article-title":"Macrophage Metabolic Rewiring Rejuvenates Muscle Raman Signatures and Cellular Remodeling during Regrowth in Aged Mice","volume":"10","author":"Fennel","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, A., Lee, A., Mortensen, B., Martinez-Koury, P., Izadifar, S., Dutta, S., Baxter, B., and Schmid, A. (2026). Microbial Community Dynamics during Historic Drought and Flood in the Great Salt Lake. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., e00234-26.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.23.682790"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135280","article-title":"Size-Dependent Neurotoxicity of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Flowing Condition Based on an in Vitro Microfluidic Study","volume":"303","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perna, G., Capozzi, V., and Lasalvia, M. (2022). In Vitro Detection of Biochemical Effect in Human CaCo-2 Cell Line after Exposure to a Low Concentration of a Deltamethrin-Based Pesticide. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10110438"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5199","DOI":"10.1039\/D3AY01040F","article-title":"A New Modality for Cholesterol Impact Tracking in Colon Cancer Development\u2014Raman Imaging, Fluorescence and AFM Studies Combined with Chemometric Analysis","volume":"15","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beton-Mysur, K., and Brozek-Pluska, B. (2022). Raman Spectroscopy and Imaging Studies of Human Digestive Tract Cells and Tissues\u2014Impact of Vitamin C and E Supplementation. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010137"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beton-Mysur, K., Kopec, M., and Brozek-Pluska, B. (2024). Raman Imaging\u2014A Valuable Tool for Tracking Fatty Acid Metabolism\u2014Normal and Cancer Human Colon Single-Cell Study. IJMS, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084508"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.128524","article-title":"Statistics Assisted Analysis of Raman Spectra and Imaging of Human Colon Cell Lines\u2014Label Free, Spectroscopic Diagnostics of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"1218","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.06.074","article-title":"Label-Free Discrimination and Quantitative Analysis of Oxidative Stress Induced Cytotoxicity and Potential Protection of Antioxidants Using Raman Micro-Spectroscopy and Machine Learning","volume":"1128","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136768","article-title":"Size-Dependent Effects of Nanoplastics on Structure and Function of Superoxide Dismutase","volume":"309","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spyridopoulou, K., Aindelis, G., Pappa, A., and Chlichlia, K. (2021). Anticancer Activity of Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles: Apoptotic and Immunogenic Cell Death Markers in Colon Cancer Cells. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215335"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nosalova, N., Keselakova, A., Kello, M., Martinkova, M., Fabianova, D., and Pilatova, M.B. (2023). Involvement of Both Extrinsic and Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathways in Tridecylpyrrolidine-Diol Derivative-Induced Apoptosis In Vitro. IJMS, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411696"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/17\/5375\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:15:41Z","timestamp":1787804141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/17\/5375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s26175375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26175375","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}}}