{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:22:18Z","timestamp":1787923338162,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sylvan Adams Sports Science Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integrating wearable motion sensing with neuromodulation may improve understanding of how alterations in neural excitability influence running performance and biomechanics. This study investigated whether intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) applied to the primary motor cortex (M1), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), or both regions influences running performance and sensor-derived spatiotemporal parameters during a 3000 m time-trial run. Ten endurance-trained runners (7 males) completed four stimulation conditions (M1, DLPFC, M1 + DLPFC, and sham) in a randomized, sham-controlled, repeated-measures crossover design. Running performance and spatiotemporal gait parameters were continuously monitored using wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs), with analyses conducted across the initial, steady-state, and final acceleration phases of the run. The M1 + DLPFC condition resulted in the fastest mean completion time, averaging approximately three seconds faster than sham. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Sensor-derived biomechanical measures revealed significantly higher running speeds and alterations in stride time and step frequency during the initial phase following combined stimulation compared with the other conditions. Ratings of perceived exertion and spatiotemporal variability did not differ between stimulation conditions. These findings demonstrate the utility of wearable IMUs for detecting subtle phase-specific changes in running biomechanics and suggest that combined stimulation of motor and cognitive control regions may influence early-stage running performance, warranting further investigation in larger cohorts. As the complete sample consisted of only ten runners, these findings are preliminary and require confirmation in a larger sample size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:53:42Z","timestamp":1787745222000},"page":"5390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation on Running Performance and Inertial Measurement Unit-Derived Spatiotemporal Parameters in Endurance-Trained Runners"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3046-552X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Sierra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada"},{"name":"Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital Site of Sant\u00e9 Qu\u00e9bec Laval and Research Site of 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