{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:17:33Z","timestamp":1788499053946,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["BR28512409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR28512409"]}]},{"award":["BR28512409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR28512409"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diagnosis in epilepsy depends on several distinct objectives\u2014including interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) detection, source localisation of epileptiform activity, and seizure classification\u2014each shaped by the underlying sensing technology. This review examines the opportunities that quantum magnetic sensing offers within this diagnostic framework, with particular emphasis on translational readiness and clinical potential. Seizure classification is included to situate the broader clinical context of epilepsy diagnostics, whereas the review of quantum sensing evidence is focused on IED detection and presurgical source localisation, the objectives for which such evidence currently exists. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) provides non-invasive source localisation that complements electroencephalography (EEG), and its clinical adoption is increasingly determined by advances in magnetic sensor technology. Optically pumped magnetometer (OPM)-based MEG represents the most clinically developed quantum sensing application, progressing from proof-of-concept in 2020 toward small-cohort clinical feasibility studies from 2022 onwards. By enabling on-scalp recordings at reduced sensor-to-brain distance, OPM-MEG improves signal amplitude and permits flexible sensor placement, with early evidence of benefit in paediatric populations and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. However, current evidence derives from small, heterogeneous cohorts, and no prospective data yet link OPM-MEG to surgical outcomes. 4He-OPMs represent an early feasibility stage with IED detection comparable to superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-MEG in small case series; nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond and silicon carbide divacancy magnetometry remain preclinical, constrained by a fundamental standoff-sensitivity trade-off. We conclude that OPM-MEG is best positioned as a complementary modality within established presurgical workflows, with prospective multicentre outcome studies representing the critical next step toward clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:55:56Z","timestamp":1788155756000},"page":"5490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Opportunities for Quantum Sensing in Epilepsy Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3887-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Kalinina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05P3Y4, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05P3Y4, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3291-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukhit","family":"Dossov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology & ICU Department, RSE Medical Centre Hospital of the President\u2019s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana Z05M4E8, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhassulan","family":"Utebekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epileptology Centre, RSE Medical Centre Hospital of the President\u2019s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana Z05M4E8, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1156-9374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaziz","family":"Kyrgyzbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epileptology Centre, RSE Medical Centre Hospital of the President\u2019s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana Z05M4E8, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darkhan","family":"Kimadiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epileptology Centre, RSE Medical Centre Hospital of the President\u2019s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana Z05M4E8, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guldana","family":"Zhumabayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epileptology Centre, RSE Medical Centre Hospital of the President\u2019s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana Z05M4E8, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4460-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Ulises Hernandez","family":"Ledezma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skydiamond Quantum, Lion House, Rowcroft, Stroud, Gloucestershire GL5 3BY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Berengueres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, School of Computing and AI, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05H0P9, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","article-title":"ILAE Official Report: A Practical Clinical Definition of 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