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Joint Institute"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04w9fbh59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025KYQD12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KYQD12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011532","name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NST20250303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NST20250303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011532","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NST20250303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NST20250303"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qtv5q45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immersive media services increasingly rely on edge-cloud rendering to deliver interactive visual content under dynamic network, computing, and mobility conditions. Rendering an entire scene as a single service couples interaction-sensitive foreground content with context-oriented background content, making it difficult to jointly control latency, quality, synchronization, and migration overhead. This paper studies sense-driven edge-cloud foreground\u2013background split rendering for immersive media services. We formulate an online decision problem in which foreground and background rendering layers can be independently controlled under long-term system and migration cost budgets. The formulation turns structural scene separation into a coupled layer-state control problem by preserving asymmetric QoE roles and a common composition requirement. We propose SEELE, a Lyapunov-guided online control algorithm that represents accumulated budget pressure with two virtual queues and converts the long-term constrained problem into lightweight per-slot decisions. The resulting per-slot rule balances immediate QoE loss against queue-weighted system and migration costs. Under sustained resource and network stress, SEELE provides steady-state QoE statistically comparable to a pretrained PPO policy while significantly reducing synchronization violations and improving composition stability. It also improves steady-state QoE and system debt over deterministic and QoE-prioritized baselines. A prototype implementation and controlled characterization further validate split-stream deployment, runtime observability, practical control hooks, and the latency\u2013capacity tradeoff of layered rendering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:08:43Z","timestamp":1788275323000},"page":"5561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SEELE: Sense-Driven Edge-Cloud Foreground\u2013Background Split Rendering for Immersive Media Services"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chuxing","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shaoyun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technologies Company Limited, Shanghai 201799, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technologies Company Limited, Shanghai 201799, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Enbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technologies Company Limited, Shanghai 201799, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Changqiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immersive multimedia communication: State-of-the-art on eXtended reality streaming","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACM Trans. 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