{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:59:52Z","timestamp":1792684792249,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves difficulties in sustaining attention and resisting distraction. This has motivated the development of feedback-driven environments for cognitive control training. Integrating electroencephalography (EEG) sensors into Virtual Reality (VR) serious games for cognitive therapy remains relatively underexplored and requires reliable, non-invasive brain\u2013computer interfaces. The existing solutions use multi-channel systems that primarily suffer from requiring complex hardware, while not combining motor imagery (MI) with concentration levels. Therefore, this case study evaluates the feasibility and data quality of a lightweight, cost-effective sensor configuration for real-time control of mental state. A non-invasive, eight-channel OpenBCI Cyton board was integrated with an EEG cap using the international 10\u201320 placement system, alongside a Meta Quest 2 headset, to capture MI and concentration signals directly from the user\u2019s scalp. Signal acquisition was hindered by high impedance and channel railing, which required conductive gel mitigation, while mechanical tension from the VR headset strap introduced motion artifacts and noise. Nevertheless, under stable signal conditions, the optimized eight-channel sensor setup achieved a subject-specific online classification accuracy of up to 90% using the deep learning model \u201cEEGNet\u201d. The findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of acquiring and classifying EEG activity using a low-cost eight-channel sensor configuration in an interactive VR-BCI Serious Gaming application, provided that skin\u2013electrode impedance and mechanical sensor interferences are managed. The results provide a basis for future investigation of such systems in cognitive-training applications, while further studies, including clinical evaluations, are required to assess their applicability in therapeutic contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:35:29Z","timestamp":1788359729000},"page":"5576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Motor Imagery Acquisition and Classification Using a Low-Cost 8-Channel EEG System in a VR ADHD Serious Game Environment: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5436-8235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"R\u00f6hrling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Industrial Software (INSO), TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 76\/2\/2, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5155-7273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selina","family":"Breuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Industrial Software (INSO), TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 76\/2\/2, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8538-3772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Arnberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Industrial Software (INSO), TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 76\/2\/2, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6072-0569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Aigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Industrial Software (INSO), TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 76\/2\/2, 1040 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Research Industrial Systems Engineering (RISE), Concorde Business Park F, 2320 Schwechat, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5622-8598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Grechenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Industrial Software (INSO), TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 76\/2\/2, 1040 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"RISE Institute of Technology (RIT), Sanskrithi School of Engineering (SSE), Puttaparthi 515134, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0088-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Baranyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Industrial Software (INSO), TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 76\/2\/2, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, July 06). 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