{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:10:45Z","timestamp":1788844245146,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart rings are emerging as a promising class of sensing devices that enable unobtrusive, always-available interaction with Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems. These wearable devices support intuitive gesture-based control while minimizing user attention and preserving mobility. However, despite rapid advances in sensing hardware and gesture recognition algorithms, little is known about how users associate ring-based shared gestures with smart-home commands. To fill this gap, this paper presents Oringano, a framework for designing and evaluating a vocabulary of shared ring-based gestures for controlling IoT devices in a smart home. These gestures are original in that members of the same group can share the same gestures for the same actions, as well as gestures customized by each individual. The proposed approach combines (i) a synthesis of contemporary smart ring-based gesture interaction literature, (ii) a user-centered requirements elicitation identifying representative smart-home control actions, (iii) a gesture elicitation study involving N=30 participants to derive a vocabulary of shared ring-based gestures for 15 IoT control actions, (iv) an empirical analysis of gesture agreement and usability of Oringano, a smartphone prototype for managing shared ring-based gestures, and (v) a set of implications for designing shared gestures for future smart-ring systems. Experimental results demonstrate high agreement for concrete actions such as selection, navigation, and media control, whereas abstract actions exhibit greater variability, highlighting opportunities for personalized gestural interaction. The shared gestures benefit from a higher average agreement rate (+84%), a slightly lower goodness of fit (\u221213%), and a longer thinking time (+115%) than normal ring-based gestures. The subjective satisfaction resulting from the usability evaluation of Oringano, based on the elicited vocabulary, is overall positive (4.5\/5). These results advance the design of next-generation ring-based systems by bridging user-centered gesture interaction with practical sensing technologies for IoT interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:21:21Z","timestamp":1788452481000},"page":"5605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oringano: Shared Ring-Based Gestures for Controlling Internet of Things Devices in a Smart Home"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6368-9242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh-Diane","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICHEC Research Lab (IRL), Department Management of Information Systems (MIS), ICHEC Brussels Management School, 1150 Woluw\u00e9-Saint-Pierre, Belgium"},{"name":"Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7137-7989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatien","family":"Grolaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICHEC Research Lab (IRL), Department Management of Information Systems (MIS), ICHEC Brussels Management School, 1150 Woluw\u00e9-Saint-Pierre, Belgium"},{"name":"Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3275-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Vanderdonckt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2078464","article-title":"Consistent, Continuous, and Customizable Mid-Air Gesture Interaction for Browsing Multimedia Objects on Large Displays","volume":"39","author":"Sellier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1145\/3241383","article-title":"Unobtrusive Activity Recognition and Position Estimation for Work Surfaces Using RF-Radar Sensing","volume":"10","author":"Avrahami","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI16234_02","article-title":"A Conceptual Framework and a Toolkit for Supporting the Rapid Prototyping of Context-Aware Applications","volume":"16","author":"Dey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheran, B., Vanderdonckt, J., and Vatavu, R.-D. (2018, January 9\u201313). Gestures for Smart Rings: Empirical Results, Insights, and Design Implications. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Designing Interactive Systems Conference, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3196709.3196741"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colley, A., Inget, V., Rantala, I., and H\u00e4kkil\u00e4, J. (2017, January 26\u201329). Investigating interaction with a ring form factor. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Stuttgart, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3152832.3152870"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39351-8_6","article-title":"Subtle, Natural and Socially Acceptable Interaction Techniques for Ringterfaces\u2014Finger-Ring Shaped User Interfaces","volume":"Volume 8028","author":"Streitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gummeson, J., Priyantha, B., and Liu, J. (2014, January 16\u201319). An energy harvesting wearable ring platform for gesture input on surfaces. Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, Bretton Woods, NH, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2594368.2594389"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilius, L.-B., and Vatavu, R.-D. (2023, January 23\u201328). \u201cI Could Wear It All of the Time, Just Like My Wedding Ring\u201d: Insights into Older People\u2019s Perceptions of Smart Rings. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Hamburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585771"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurz, M., Gstoettner, R., and Sonnleitner, E. (2021). Smart Rings vs. Smartwatches: Utilizing Motion Sensors for Gesture Recognition. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052015"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ketabdar, H., and Y\u00fcksel, K.A. (2010, January 7\u201310). Smart ring: Controlling call alert functionality based on audio and movement analysis. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/1719970.1720049"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J., He, Z., Zhang, M., Geng, W., Zhou, C., Shi, W., Shi, Y., and Wang, Y. (2025, January 12\u201316). ?-Ring: A Smart Ring Platform for Multimodal Physiological and Behavioral Sensing. Proceedings of the Companion of the ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, Espoo, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/3714394.3756252"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Herath, A., Rey, B., Bardot, S., Rempel, S., Audette, L., Zheng, H., Li, J., Fan, K., Huang, D.-Y., and Li, W. (May, January 29). Expanding Touch Interaction Capabilities for Smart-rings: An Exploration of Continual Slide and Microroll Gestures. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the ACM Int. Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung, V., and Girouard, A. (2019, January 1\u20134). Tangible Around-Device Interaction Using Rotatory Gestures with a Magnetic Ring. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3338286.3340137"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1145\/3731600","article-title":"RingBP: Towards Continuous, Comfortable, and Generalized Blood Pressure Monitoring Using a Smart Ring","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeVrio, N., and Harrison, C. (2025, January 12\u201316). EverRing: Powering Battery-Free, Highly-Capable Smart Rings with Headset RF Energy. Proceedings of the ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Espoo, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/3715071.3750420"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1145\/3604267","article-title":"RingVKB: A Ring-Shaped Virtual Keyboard Using Low-Cost IMU","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Prange, S., Delgado Rodriguez, S., Doeding, T., and Alt, F. (May, January 29). \u201cWhere did you first meet the owner?\u201d\u2014Exploring Usable Authentication for Smart Home Visitors. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Extended Abstracts, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07230-2_31","article-title":"Multi-sensor Based Gestures Recognition with a Smart Finger Ring","volume":"Volume 8511","author":"Kurosu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction. Advanced Interaction Modalities and Techniques"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Glenn, A., Veluri, B., Lee, Y., Gebre, E., Bagaria, A., Patel, S., and Gollakota, S. (2024). IRIS: Wireless Ring for Vision-Based Smart Home Interaction. Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3654777.3676327"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107174","article-title":"The evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) over the past 20 years","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobbs, T., and Anwar, A. (2025). Smart Home Control Using Real-Time Hand Gesture Recognition and Artificial Intelligence on Raspberry Pi 5. Electronics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14203976"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vardakis, G., Hatzivasilis, G., Koutsaki, E., and Papadakis, N. (2024). Review of Smart-Home Security Using the Internet of Things. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13163343"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-011-0949-0","article-title":"Providing universally accessible interactive services through TV sets: Implementation and validation with elderly users","volume":"67","author":"Epelde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dingler, T., Rzayev, R., Shirazi, A.S., and Henze, N. (2018). Designing Consistent Gestures Across Device Types: Eliciting RSVP Controls for Phone, Watch, and Glasses. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173993"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.7250\/csimq.2020-24.02","article-title":"Smart Home Voice Assistants: A Literature Survey of User Privacy and Security Vulnerabilities","volume":"24","author":"Sharif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complex Syst. Inform. Model. Q."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1145\/159544.159562","article-title":"Charade: Remote Control of Objects Using Free-Hand Gestures","volume":"36","author":"Baudel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2011.04.005","article-title":"I\u2019m home: Defining and evaluating a gesture set for smart-home control","volume":"69","author":"Westermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. -Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1145\/3749480","article-title":"Computing with Smart Rings: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176982","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2951349","article-title":"Eliciting Contact-based and Contactless Gestures with Radar-based Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Magrofuoco","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1145\/3503537","article-title":"Iteratively Designing Gesture Vocabularies: A Survey and Analysis of Best Practices in the HCI Literature","volume":"29","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wobbrock, J.O., Morris, M.R., and Wilson, A.D. (2009, January 4\u20139). User-defined gestures for surface computing. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518866"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyryeskin, D., Hancock, M., and Hoey, J. (2012, January 11\u201314). Comparing elicited gestures to designer-created gestures for selection above a multitouch surface. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces, Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2396636.2396638"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villarreal-Narvaez, S., Vanderdonckt, J., Vatavu, R.-D., and Wobbrock, J.O. (2020, January 6\u201310). A Systematic Review of Gesture Elicitation Studies: What Can We Learn from 216 Studies?. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1145\/3357236.3395511"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"128","article-title":"Brave New GES World: A Systematic Literature Review of Gestures and Referents in Gesture Elicitation Studies","volume":"56","author":"Vanderdonckt","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vatavu, R.-D., and Wobbrock, J.O. (2015, January 18\u201323). Formalizing Agreement Analysis for Elicitation Studies: New Measures, Significance Test, and Toolkit. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702223"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Florins, M., Montero Simarro, F., Vanderdonckt, J., and Michotte, B. (February, January 29). Splitting rules for graceful degradation of user interfaces. Proceedings of the 11th International ACM Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"MHCI010","DOI":"10.1145\/3743706","article-title":"FlowRing: Integrated Microgesture and Surface Interaction Ring for Versatile XR Input","volume":"9","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, S., Kim, H.C., Cao, Y., Wessels, A., Perrault, S.T., and Zhao, S. (2016, January 7\u201312). Ringteraction: Coordinated Thumb-index Interaction Using a Ring. Proceedings of the Extended Abstract of ACM International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2892371"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, L., Cheng, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, J., and Huang, T. (2013, January 2\u20135). Magic Ring: A self-contained gesture input device on finger. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Lule\u00e5, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1145\/2541831.2541875"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Bardot, S., Rawat, S., Nguyen, D.T., Rempel, S., Zheng, H., Rey, B., Li, J., Fan, K., Huang, D.-Y., and Li, W. (October, January 27). ARO: Exploring the Design of Smart-Ring Interactions for Encumbered Hands. Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeo, H.-S., Lee, J., Kim, H.-I., Gupta, A., Bianchi, A., Vogel, D., Koike, H., Woo, W., and Quigley, A. (2019, January 1\u20134). WRIST: Watch-Ring Interaction and Sensing Technique for Wrist Gestures and Macro-Micro Pointing. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3338286.3340130"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Lu, T., Liu, Y., Zhang, S., Liu, R., and Gowda, M. (2023, January 9\u201312). One Ring to Rule Them All: An Open Source Smartring Platform for Finger Motion Analytics and Healthcare Applications. Proceedings of the 8th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things Design and Implementation, San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3576842.3582382"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, H., Im, H., Chung, S., and Yi, T. (2025). Exploring Preferential Ring-Based Gesture Interaction Across 2D Screen and Spatial Interface Environments. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15126879"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1145\/3534587","article-title":"Learning on the Rings: Self-Supervised 3D Finger Motion Tracking Using Wearable Sensors","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheran, B., Vatavu, R.-D., and Vanderdonckt, J. (2018, January 9\u201313). Ring x2: Designing Gestures for Smart Rings using Temporal Calculus. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Companion on Designing Interactive Systems, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3197391.3205422"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheran, B., Vatavu, R.-D., and Vanderdonckt, J. (2023, January 23\u201328). New Insights into User-Defined Smart Ring Gestures with Implications for Gesture Elicitation Studies. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the ACM International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Hamburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585590"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderdonckt, J., and Vatavu, R.-D. (2025). Four Replications of a User-Defined Gesture Study with Smart Rings. Adjunct Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, 22\u201325 September 2025, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3737821.3749582"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"EICS001","article-title":"TapStrapGest: Elicitation and Recognition of Ring-based Multi-Finger Gestures","volume":"9","author":"Dumas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aquino, N., Vanderdonckt, J., Condori-Fern\u00e1ndez, N., Dieste, \u00d3., and Pastor, \u00d3. (2010, January 16\u201317). Usability evaluation of multi-device\/platform user interfaces generated by model-driven engineering. Proceedings of the ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1852786.1852826"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilius, L.-B., and Vatavu, R.-D. (2021). Demonstration of GestuRING, a Web Tool for Ring Gesture Input. Adjunct Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Virtual Event, 10\u201314 October 2021, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3474349.3480199"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vatavu, R.-D., and Bilius, L.-B. (2021, January 10\u201314). GestuRING: A Web-based Tool for Designing Gesture Input with Rings, Ring-Like, and Ring-Ready Devices. Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Virtual Event.","DOI":"10.1145\/3472749.3474780"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102803","article-title":"How to Do a Systematic Review: A Best Practice Guide for Conducting and Reporting Narrative Reviews, Meta-Analyses, and Meta-Syntheses","volume":"70","author":"Siddaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2008.09.009","article-title":"Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering\u2014A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"51","author":"Kitchenham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberati, A., Altman, D.G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., G\u00f8tzsche, P.C., Ioannidis, J.P.A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P.J., Kleijnen, J., and Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.2427\/5768"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petticrew, M., and Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470754887"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini, M., Ihmels, T., Chen, Z., Koelle, M., M\u00fcller, H., and Boll, S. (2023, January 23\u201328). Towards a Consensus Gesture Set: A Survey of Mid-Air Gestures in HCI for Maximized Agreement Across Domains. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Hamburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581420"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.07.009","article-title":"Lessons from Applying the Systematic Literature Review Process within the Software Engineering Domain","volume":"80","author":"Brereton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1145\/2828993","article-title":"Digital Digits: A Comprehensive Survey of Finger Augmentation Devices","volume":"48","author":"Shilkrot","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vatavu, R.-D., Anthony, L., and Wobbrock, J.O. (2013, January 9\u201313). Relative accuracy measures for stroke gestures. Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/2522848.2522875"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clough, S., and Duff, M.C. (2020). The Role of Gesture in Communication and Cognition: Implications for Understanding and Treating Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00323"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, C., Yu, C., Qin, Y., Wang, Y., and Shi, Y. (2021). DualRing: Enabling Subtle and Expressive Hand Interaction with Dual IMU Rings. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol., 5.","DOI":"10.1145\/3478114"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Aigner, R., Wigdor, D., Benko, H., Haller, M., Lindbauer, D., Ion, A., Zhao, S., and Koh, J.T.K.V. (2026, June 21). Understanding Mid-Air Hand Gestures: A Study of Human Preferences in Usage of Gesture Types for HCI. Report No. MSR-TR-2012-111, Microsoft, November 2012. Available online: https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/publication\/understanding-mid-air-hand-gestures-a-study-of-human-preferences-in-usage-of-gesture-types-for-hci\/."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1572352","article-title":"Empirical Research in Mid-Air Interaction: A Systematic Review","volume":"35","author":"Koutsabasis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogiatzidakis, P., and Koutsabasis, P. (2019). Frame-based elicitation of mid-air gestures for a smart home device ecosystem. Informatics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics6020023"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1145\/3432204","article-title":"QwertyRing: Text Entry on Physical Surfaces Using a Ring","volume":"4","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00502-006-0413-4","article-title":"Gestural interaction in the pervasive computing landscape","volume":"124","author":"Ferscha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Elektrotech. Inftech."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1145\/3397319","article-title":"How Subtle Can It Get? A Trimodal Study of Ring-sized Interfaces for One-Handed Drone Control","volume":"4","author":"Yau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heiwy, V. (2016). Design guidelines for the internet of things. Proceedings of the 15th Ergo\u2019IA \u201cErgonomie et Informatique Avanc\u00e9e, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3050385.3050392"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Kim, J., Han, M., and Oakley, I. (May, January 26). BudsID: Mobile-Ready and Expressive Finger Identification Input for Earbuds. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Yokohama, Japan."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"072104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-015-1014-7","article-title":"Personalized Gesture Interactions for Cyber-Physical Smart-Home Environments","volume":"60","author":"Lou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stec, K., and Larsen, L.B. (2018, January 26\u201328). Gestures for Controlling a Moveable TV. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video, Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/3210825.3210831"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"523","article-title":"Beyond Remote Control: Exploring Natural Gesture Inputs for Smart TV Systems","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Smart Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-015-0863-y","article-title":"On Free-Hand TV Control: Experimental Results on User-Elicited Gestures with Leap Motion","volume":"19","author":"Pentiuc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, J., Li, Y., and Lank, E. (2011, January 7\u201312). User-Defined Motion Gestures for Mobile Interaction. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978971"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kane, S.K., Wobbrock, J.O., and Ladner, R.E. (2011, January 7\u201312). Usable gestures for blind people: Understanding preference and performance. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979001"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Nacenta, M.A., Kamber, Y., Qiang, Y., and Kristensson, P.O. (May, January 27). Memorability of Pre-Designed and User-Defined Gesture Sets. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Montgomery, D.C., and Runger, G.C. (2014). Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, Wiley. [6th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-us\/shop\/general-introductory-industrial-engineering\/applied-statistics-and-probability-for-engineers-7th-edition-p-9781119400363."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Carroll, J.M. (2003). Making Use: Scenarios and Scenario-Based Design, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"208","article-title":"Effective User Stories","volume":"Volume 3134","author":"Cohn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Extreme Programming and Agile Methods\u2014XP\/Agile Universe, Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Extreme Programming and Agile Methods, Calgary, AB, Canada, 15\u201318 August 2004"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"211","article-title":"Unifying and Extending User Story Models","volume":"Volume 8484","author":"Wautelet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece, 16\u201320 June 2014"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Clegg, D., and Barker, R. (1994). Case Method Fast-Track: A RAD Approach, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1984.5010301","article-title":"A Methodology for Collecting Valid Software Engineering Data","volume":"SE-10","author":"Basili","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, J., Duarte, C., Biswas, P., and Langdon, P. (2011). Developing Accessible TV Applications. Proceedings of the 13th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS \u201911), Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/2049536.2049561"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.09.283","article-title":"The Differences in Accessibility of TV and Desktop Web Applications from the Perspective of Automated Evaluation","volume":"67","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vatavu, R.-D., and Zaiti, I.-A. (2014, January 25\u201327). Leap Gestures for TV: Insights from an Elicitation Study. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2602299.2602316"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Morris, M.G., and Wobbrock, J.O. (2021, January 8\u201313). \u201cI Am Iron Man\u201d: Priming Improves the Learnability and Memorability of User-Elicited Gestures. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445758"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282909346716","article-title":"NEPSY-II Review","volume":"28","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes","volume":"22","author":"Likert","year":"1932","journal-title":"Arch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Bertin, J. (2011). Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams, Networks, Maps, ESRI Press. Available online: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Semiology-of-Graphics-Diagrams%2C-Networks%2C-Maps-Bertin-Berg\/22be1cebc94d9eedc2cc6c000bee5222a37a9fd0."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124113500475","article-title":"Coding In-depth Semistructured Interviews: Problems of Unitization and Intercoder Reliability and Agreement","volume":"42","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1145\/3511892","article-title":"Metaphoraction: Support Gesture-based Interaction Design with Metaphorical Meanings","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheran, B., Villarreal-Narvaez, S., Vatavu, R.-D., and Vanderdonckt, J. (2022, January 6\u201310). RepliGES and GEStory: Visual Tools for Systematizing and Consolidating Knowledge on User-Defined Gestures. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, Frascati, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3531073.3531112"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geeng, C., and Roesner, F. (2019, January 4\u20139). Who\u2019s In Control?: Interactions In Multi-User Smart Homes. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300498"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EICS016","DOI":"10.1145\/3816768","article-title":"Turning Gesture Sequences into Gesture Composition by Macro-Instructions: Definition, Framework, and Application in Smart Home","volume":"10","author":"Attygalle","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"36","article-title":"An End-User Development Approach to Secure Smart Environments","volume":"Volume 12724","author":"Breve","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on End-User Development, Virtual Event, 6\u20138 July 2021"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319509526110","article-title":"IBM Computer Usability Satisfaction Questionnaires: Psychometric Evaluation and Instructions for Use","volume":"7","author":"Lewis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J.-Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1145\/1167948.1167973","article-title":"Sample Sizes for Usability Tests: Mostly Math, Not Magic","volume":"13","author":"Lewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolski, C., and Vanderdonckt, J. (2002). A Framework and a Language for Usability Automatic Evaluation of Web Sites by Static Analysis of HTML Source Code. Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces III, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces, Valenciennes, France, 15\u201317 May 2002, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0421-3"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2023.107329","article-title":"Threats to Validity in Software Engineering Research: A Critical Reflection","volume":"164","author":"Verdecchia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohlin, C., Runeson, P., H\u00f6st, M., Ohlsson, M.C., Regnell, B., and Wessl\u00e9n, A. (2012). Empirical Strategies. Experimentation in Software Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29044-2"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1145\/2591689","article-title":"Reducing Legacy Bias in Gesture Elicitation Studies","volume":"21","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1198\/000313001300339897","article-title":"The Abuse of Power\u2014The Pervasive Fallacy of Power Calculations for Data Analysis","volume":"55","author":"Hoenig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Stat."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/17\/5605\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T04:27:14Z","timestamp":1788841634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/17\/5605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s26175605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26175605","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]}}}