{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:12:40Z","timestamp":1788545560332,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In multi-beam low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite communication networks, high-mobility aerial users, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), high-speed aircraft, and near-space vehicles, may traverse multiple satellite beams within a short period of time. When the precise position of a target user is not continuously available to the network, the network needs to determine the set of beams in which the user is likely to be located when a paging request arrives. The corresponding communication satellites then transmit paging messages within these candidate beams to reach the target user. If the selected beam set does not cover the user\u2019s actual position, the paging attempt fails; however, excessively enlarging the paging region or frequently updating the user\u2019s location information introduces additional signaling and management overhead. Therefore, the key problem is to construct an accurate and adaptive paging region under the joint mobility of the user and LEO satellite beams. To address this problem, this paper proposes a network-side sensing- and prediction-aided dynamic location-area management method for high-mobility users. First, based on a three-stage motion model of high-mobility users, LEO satellite ephemeris information, and beam coverage parameters, the coverage performance during the whole flight process of high-mobility users is analyzed. Second, a high-mobility user state prediction mechanism integrating a three-stage motion model and square-root cubature Kalman filtering (TSM-SRCKF) is proposed. This mechanism can adaptively adjust the weights of different motion models according to the current motion state of the high-mobility user and suppress the influence of abnormal measurements during the measurement update process, thereby obtaining more reliable position prediction results and error covariance information. Finally, a TSM-SRCKF-aided dynamic location-area management method is proposed. Simulation results show that the root-mean-square error of the high-mobility user position under the proposed mechanism is only 23.3% of that of the comparison mechanism. Compared with the traditional velocity-based dynamic location area design method, the proposed method improves the paging success probability by about 60.1% and reduces the cumulative total management overhead by about 73%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:25:56Z","timestamp":1788542756000},"page":"5624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-Time Detection and Prediction-Aided Dynamic Location Area Design for High-Mobility Users Based on LEO Satellites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"An","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication and Networks National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication and Networks National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6939-1922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gengxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication and Networks National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.23919\/SAIEE.2020.9194383","article-title":"Leveraging the Technology of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Developing Countries","volume":"111","author":"Mugala","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAIEE Afr. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1049\/cje.2019.12.006","article-title":"Review on the Technological Development and Application of UAV Systems","volume":"29","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5082","DOI":"10.1109\/TON.2026.3691021","article-title":"Joint Optimization of Caching, Migration, and Offloading in Satellite-Assisted Marine Networks","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, C., and Li, X. (2024, January 25\u201327). Design of a Data Distribution System for High Earth Orbit Satellites. Proceedings of the 2024 8th International Conference on Electrical, Mechanical and Computer Engineering (ICEMCE), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMCE64157.2024.10862589"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, L., Wang, L., Jin, X., Zhu, J., Duan, K., and Li, Z. (2022, January 27\u201329). Research on the Application of LEO Satellite in IOT. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Electronic Technology, Communication and Information (ICETCI), Changchun, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETCI55101.2022.9832117"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, K., Li, Y., Luo, Y., Kuang, H., Mao, Y., Sun, Z., and Wu, J. (2025, January 3\u20138). Large-Scale Leo Satellite Constellation Design for Bistatic Radar Detection of Aerial Target. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2025\u20142025 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Brisbane, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS55030.2025.11242696"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7471","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3341501","article-title":"Dynamic Object Tracking by Multi-UAV with Time-Variant Radio Maps","volume":"23","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143095","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3013561","article-title":"Combination of IMM Algorithm and ASTRWCKF for Maneuvering Target Tracking","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susanto, M., Sabella, S., Alam, S., and Hamdani, F. (2021, January 27\u201328). Dynamic Radio Resource Allocation Based on Location for Mobile Femtocell in Cellular Network. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Converging Technology in Electrical and Information Engineering (ICCTEIE), Bandar Lampung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCTEIE54047.2021.9650651"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7148","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3241203","article-title":"Accurate and Efficient Self-Localization of AGV Relying on Trusted Area Information in Dynamic Industrial Scene","volume":"72","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3372551","article-title":"Joint UAV Trajectory Planning and LEO-Sat Selection in SAGIN","volume":"5","author":"Mohamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3208940","article-title":"Dual Location Area Based Distributed Location Management for Hybrid LEO\/MEO Mega Satellite Networks","volume":"72","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107529","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3438613","article-title":"A Survey of Mobility Management in Non-Terrestrial 5G Networks: Power Constraints and Signaling Cost","volume":"12","author":"Alsaeedy","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11061","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3378305","article-title":"Integrated Communications and Localization for Massive MIMO LEO Satellite Systems","volume":"23","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, F., Ren, W., Ruan, Z., Zhao, B., Wu, T., Yang, X., Kou, X., and Li, T. (2022, January 21\u201323). 5G Coverage Problem Analysis and Optimization Scheme Exploration. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Power, Electronics and Computer Applications (ICPECA), Shenyang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPECA53709.2022.9719152"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5516","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3622477","article-title":"Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control System Based on Interacting Multiple Model Cubature Kalman Filter and Robust Model Predictive Control","volume":"75","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, C., Cai, Y., and Deng, Y. (2023, January 20\u201322). Estimation of aerodynamic coefficients based on IMM-CKF. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Control Theory and Applications (ICoCTA 2023), Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1049\/icp.2023.2998"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Xu, G., Cheng, Y., and Guo, Y. (2023, January 8\u201310). Adaptive IMM Algorithm for Highly Maneuverable Targets based on Cubature Kalman Filter. Proceedings of the 2023 5th International Academic Exchange Conference on Science and Technology Innovation (IAECST), Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAECST60924.2023.10502562"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallick, M., Nagaraju, R.M., and Duan, Z. (2021, January 14\u201317). IMM-CKF for a Highly Maneuvering Target Using Converted Measurements. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Control, Automation and Information Sciences (ICCAIS), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAIS52680.2021.9624611"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Shen, F., Liu, Q., and Li, W. (2020, January 13\u201316). A UWB 3D Localization Algorithm Based on Residual Weighting. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA49215.2020.9233860"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Cheng, Y., Yang, L., Xu, Z., Gong, L., and Chen, Q. (2025, January 7\u20139). Distributed Space-Ground Hierarchical Location Management in LEO Mega-Constellation Networks. Proceedings of the 2025 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Communication (ICAIRC), Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIRC68035.2025.11385005"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/17\/5624\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:28:25Z","timestamp":1788542905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/17\/5624"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s26175624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26175624","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]}}}