{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:09:07Z","timestamp":1789016947727,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008968","name":"National Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B23C24000370005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B23C24000370005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["B23C24000370005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B23C24000370005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04zaypm56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable sensors enable continuous, non-invasive monitoring of physiological and near-body environmental parameters, offering an occupant-centric alternative for thermal comfort assessment and building control. This systematic review analyses 117 studies (2008\u20132026) using body-worn sensors, tracing them along a four-stage pipeline: sensing, signal integration, comfort modeling, and building actuation. This reveals a previously unquantified bottleneck: while all 117 studies perform sensing and 83 (71%) integrate physiological and environmental signals, only 52 (44%) build predictive models and just five (4%) reach the building-actuation stage, of which only three implement closed-loop, wearable-informed control. Skin temperature (77 studies, 66%) and heart rate (69, 59%) are the most monitored signals, predominantly at the wrist (70, 60%); multimodal configurations are associated with higher accuracy than single-domain approaches. Machine learning models reach median classification accuracies near 90%, though validation strategy matters: leave-one-subject-out reaches 85% versus 90% for within-subject k-fold. Five structural limitations are identified: small, homogeneous samples (median 16 participants), laboratory-dominated designs (73 studies, 62%), inconsistent validation, limited open data, and unresolved multi-occupant aggregation. The field has learned to measure the occupant but not yet to act on the measurement. Closing this gap requires open benchmark datasets, standardized validation including leave-one-subject-out testing and PMV benchmarking, transfer learning, multi-occupant integration, and inclusive recruitment of vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:25:56Z","timestamp":1788542756000},"page":"5640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wearable Sensing for Personal Thermal Comfort in the Built Environment: A Systematic Review of the Gap from Sensing to Actuation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9856-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yorgos","family":"Spanodimitriou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Abazia di San Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9192-7738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khawaja Talha","family":"Ejaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Abazia di San Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5200-292X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ciampi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Abazia di San Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3217-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelangelo","family":"Scorpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Abazia di San Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0958-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Masullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Abazia di San Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5482-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Rosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Abazia di San Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4130-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Maffei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Abazia di San Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8750-5401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Sibilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Abazia di San Lorenzo, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA) (2026, March 25). 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