{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:07:30Z","timestamp":1788858450590,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sixth-generation (6G) vehicular systems are expected to provide extreme reliability, ultra-low latency, and high data rates while simultaneously enabling accurate and timely perception of vehicles, road users, and surrounding environments. Conventional vehicle-to-everything (V2X) systems treat communication and environmental sensing separately and therefore fall short in dynamic, dense, and safety-critical driving scenarios. Integrated sensing and communication for V2X (ISAC-V2X) addresses this limitation by sharing hardware and spectrum for dual-functional operation. This survey consolidates the state of the art across eight thematic areas: fundamentals and taxonomy; vehicular channel models and sensing metrics; physical-layer techniques, including waveform design, beamforming, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, non-orthogonal multiple access, and rate-splitting multiple access; security and privacy; networked and cell-free ISAC with multi-access edge computing; multi-modal perception using radar, LiDAR, camera, and radio-frequency data; artificial intelligence and ML for channel, beam, target, and sensing-data processing; and future research directions. Five consolidated research gaps are synthesized from the reviewed literature: end-to-end frameworks for networked ISAC-V2X under high mobility; unified multi-modal AI-native architectures for joint sensing, communication, localization, and security; incomplete standardization and interoperability; limited validation, testbeds, and reproducible benchmarks; and scalability, robustness, and cross-domain optimization. This survey concludes with standardization and testbed recommendations and presents a roadmap toward deployable 6G ISAC-V2X systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:12:25Z","timestamp":1788783145000},"page":"5653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Sensing and Communication for 6G V2X Networks: A Comprehensive Survey of Architectures, Security, and Multi-Modal AI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4661-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furkan","family":"\u015een","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Research and Development Department, TCI Cabin Interior Systems, Istanbul 34906, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0611-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif","family":"Basgumus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3522-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Namdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Kutahya 43100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97152","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3573371","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on ISAC for 6G: Enabling Technologies, Security, and AI\/ML Perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Namdar","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.A., Khan, S.A., Aldirmaz Colak, S., Kosunalp, S., and Iliev, T. 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