{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:09:03Z","timestamp":1788786543673,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Program Project of Xizang Autonomous Region","award":["XZ202401YD0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202401YD0020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperspectral technology has become an important method for identifying wild and cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis, but existing studies mainly focus on intact samples. In the actual circulation process, Ophiocordyceps sinensis often breaks, and samples missing the stroma part but retaining the larva part still possess practical identification value. However, accommodating the identification of both intact samples and stroma-missing samples requires clarifying the difference in spectroscopic identification information contribution between the larva part and the stroma part, thereby optimizing the data acquisition strategy for specialized Ophiocordyceps sinensis detection instruments. Based on the segmentation of hyperspectral images of intact Ophiocordyceps sinensis, this study constructed simulated single and mixed part datasets for machine learning model training to analyze the spectral feature differences of different parts. Furthermore, real stroma-missing samples were used to verify the identification capability of the models in the practical scene. Finally, the optimal detecting part was determined by comprehensively considering the highest identification accuracy and the maximum application scope. Both the larva part and the stroma part exhibit effective spectroscopic identification information contribution for identifying wild and cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis. However, the spectroscopic identification information contribution of the larva part is greater than that of the stroma part. Multiple comparative experimental results show that the model trained with intact samples can be directly used for the identification of stroma-missing Ophiocordyceps sinensis with the highest accuracy of 98.52%. This conclusion provides a basis for the practical application of hyperspectral technology in Ophiocordyceps sinensis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26175672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:12:25Z","timestamp":1788783145000},"page":"5672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimal Detecting Part of Ophiocordyceps sinensis for Identifying Wild and Cultivated Categories Using Hyperspectrum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shihao","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Emergency Management, Langfang 065201, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9035-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Emergency Management, Langfang 065201, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0115-1948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hejuan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace Security, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jiaguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Emergency Management, Langfang 065201, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3087-9650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawa","family":"Zhuoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xizang Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Quality Research of Tibetan Medicine, Xizang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Lhasa 850000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8453-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.142982","article-title":"Enhancing Cordyceps sinensis shelf life: The role of liquid nitrogen spray freezing in maintaining hypha structure and reducing metabolic degradation","volume":"473","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Song, A., Wong, W., and Wu, J. (2021). Isolation and Assessment of a Highly-Active Anti-Inflammatory Exopolysaccharide from Mycelial Fermentation of a Medicinal Fungus Cs-HK1. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052450"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, X., and Guo, J. (2022). High throughput identification of the potential antioxidant peptides in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020438"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141ysakowska, P., Sobota, A., and Wirkijowska, A. (2023). Medicinal Mushrooms: Their Bioactive Components, Nutritional Value and Application in Functional Food Production\u2014A Review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145393"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"4505","article-title":"Overview of commonly used Chinese herbs","volume":"6","author":"Aramwit","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.2025059733","article-title":"Molecular identification technologies in authentication of Chinese caterpillar mushroom Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycota) and related species: A review","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, B., and Li, S. (2011). Cordyceps as an herbal drug. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b10787-6"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2018.05.010","article-title":"The genus Cordyceps: An extensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology","volume":"129","author":"Olatunji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115603","article-title":"Quantitative 1H NMR with global spectral deconvolution approach for quality assessment of natural and cultured Cordyceps sinensis","volume":"235","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Wang, X., Tian, H., Yuan, Y., Wang, J., Cheng, Y., Sun, L., Chen, H., and Song, X. (2024). Visualized Nucleic Acid Hybridization Lateral Flow Strip Integrating with Microneedle for the Point-of-Care Authentication of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413599"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.21024","article-title":"Application of microscopy in authentication of valuable Chinese medicine I\u2014Cordyceps sinensis, its counterfeits, and related products","volume":"75","author":"Au","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2011.06.013","article-title":"Morphological and microscopic identification studies of Cordyceps and its counterfeits","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, C., Li, X., Wang, T., Wang, J., Xiao, M., He, M., Chang, X., Fan, Y., and Li, Y. (2023). Characterization of Metabolite Landscape Distinguishes Medicinal Fungus Cordyceps sinensis and other Cordyceps by UHPLC-Q Exactive HF-X Untargeted Metabolomics. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28237745"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8978-6","article-title":"Identification of chemical markers in Cordyceps sinensis by HPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"407","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22454","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201219861","article-title":"Authentication of Cordyceps sinensis by DNA analyses: Comparison of ITS sequence analysis and RAPD-derived molecular markers","volume":"20","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, Y., Zhang, L., Yu, Z., Zhao, D., Bai, X., and Zhang, W. (2025). Progress in the Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Quality Detection and in the Modernization of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Front. Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1620154"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2023.2207652","article-title":"Applications of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology Combined with Machine Learning in Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine from the Perspective of Artificial Intelligence: A Review","volume":"54","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.07.007","article-title":"Development Status of Novel Spectral Imaging Techniques and Application to Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.113605","article-title":"Modern Spectroscopic Techniques Combined with Chemometrics for Process Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Review","volume":"213","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Liu, S., Chen, X., Wu, Z., Yang, R., Shi, T., Zhang, Y., Zhou, K., and Li, J. (2022). Hyperspectral identification of ginseng growth years and spectral importance analysis based on random forest. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12125852"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57904-3","article-title":"Fully connected-convolutional (FC-CNN) neural network based on hyperspectral images for rapid identification of P. ginseng growth years","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41936","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA06925F","article-title":"Application and interpretation of deep learning methods for the geographical origin identification of Radix glycyrrhizae using hyperspectral imaging","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.3310","article-title":"Nondestructive Rapid Identification of Wild Cordyceps sinensis with Portable Instrument","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2024.100820","article-title":"Rapid Discrimination between Wild and Cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis through Comparative Analysis of Label-Free SERS Technique and Mass Spectrometry","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, H., Cui, X., Chen, X., Dawa, D., Xie, S., Li, J., Zhao, L., Liu, J., and Shi, T. (2026). Selection of specimen orientations for hyperspectral identification of wild and cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Processes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr14030412"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/21501203.2010.536791","article-title":"What is the Chinese caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ophiocordycipitaceae)?","volume":"1","author":"Shrestha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Z., Ye, M., Wu, H., Liang, D., Huan, J., Yao, Y., Wu, X., and Luo, X. (2025). The Conservation Crisis of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: Strategies, Challenges, and Sustainable Future of Artificial Cultivation. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11120892"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2026.128296","article-title":"Simplification strategy for transitioning hyperspectral to multispectral instruments for quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine: A case study of wild and cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis","volume":"363","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.61.03.0002","article-title":"Cordyceps fungi: Natural products, pharmacological functions and developmental products","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/17\/5672\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:23:18Z","timestamp":1788783798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/17\/5672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s26175672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26175672","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}}}