{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:06:38Z","timestamp":1788861998764,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000016","name":"Canadian Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18FARIMA20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18FARIMA20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000016","name":"Canadian Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19FARIMA15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19FARIMA15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["18FARIMA20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18FARIMA20"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03a1gte98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["19FARIMA15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19FARIMA15"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03a1gte98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000041","name":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEBP-2023-123-QC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEBP-2023-123-QC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CEBP-2023-123-QC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEBP-2023-123-QC"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qa1x782","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC discovery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2019-06070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-06070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RGPIN-2019-06070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-06070"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qu\u00e9bec-Oc\u00e9an"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ya1kq07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Funds for Innovation led"},{"name":"MITACS scholarship"},{"name":"Fonds pour la Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present the vicarious calibration and validation of atmospheric correction for the airborne Watersat Imaging Spectrometer Experiment (WISE) sensor, deployed over the south-west shores of Anticosti Island (Gulf of Saint Lawrence). Coincident in situ water-leaving reflectance was acquired from the research vessel Coriolis II (HyperSAS, above-water radiometry) and from a jet-ski (underwater radiometry). The HyperSAS Hyperspectral Surface Acquisition System dataset was used for calibration, while the jet-ski dataset was split into 30% calibration and 70% validation. We evaluated Ratio and Empirical Line (EL) calibration approaches and investigated the influence of residual sun glint. Modeled vs. measured at-sensor reflectance residuals show a clear dependence on angular distance to the specular direction, demonstrating that geometry-dependent glint bias affects vicarious gain estimation. The Ratio approach performs adequately with a limited calibration range (\u223c50% accuracy at 500 nm) but degrades when applied to a broader matchup dataset. In contrast, the EL method provides more stable gains by accommodating both additive and multiplicative discrepancies (\u223c20% accuracy at 500 nm). These results highlight the importance of accounting for residual sun glint in airborne aquatic imaging spectroscopy (for calibration or other purposes) and support the EL with Standard Major Axis regression as the most robust calibration strategy for quantitative retrieval of water-leaving reflectance from WISE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:02:24Z","timestamp":1788858144000},"page":"5689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["System Vicarious Calibration and Atmospheric Correction of the Airborne Watersat Imaging Spectrometer Experiment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5341-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Mabit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Rimouski (UQAR), 310 All\u00e9e des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada"},{"name":"Qu\u00e9bec-Oc\u00e9an: Groupe Interinstitutionnel de Recherches Oc\u00e9anographiques du Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9172-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"B\u00e9langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qu\u00e9bec-Oc\u00e9an: Groupe Interinstitutionnel de Recherches Oc\u00e9anographiques du Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biologie, Chimie et G\u00e9ographie, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Rimouski (UQAR), 300 All\u00e9e des Ursulines, Quebec City, QC G5L 3A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5068","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.005068","article-title":"Sensor-independent approach to the vicarious calibration of satellite ocean color radiometry","volume":"46","author":"Franz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. 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