{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:10:08Z","timestamp":1789038608403,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantum communication is emerging as a foundation for next-generation networks, offering unprecedented capabilities in security, entanglement-based connectivity, and distributed computation. However, the classical Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, designed for deterministic, error-tolerant systems, is incompatible with quantum phenomena such as decoherence, probabilistic entanglement, and the no-cloning theorem. This paper surveys and redefines the OSI model for quantum networking in the context of 7G systems. We propose a Quantum-Converged OSI stack by extending the classical seven-layer model with two additional layers: (i) Layer 0, the Quantum Substrate, responsible for entanglement management, coherence preservation, and teleportation; and (ii) Layer 8, the Cognitive Intent Plane, which enables AI- and QML-driven orchestration. The survey synthesizes over 150 research works published between 2018 and 2025, classifying them by OSI layer, enabling technologies (e.g., Quantum Key Distribution, Quantum Error Correction, and Post-Quantum Cryptography), and application domains such as satellite quantum links, quantum IoT, and federated edge systems. We further provide a taxonomy of cross-layer enablers and discuss simulation tools, including NetSquid, QuNetSim, and QuISP. Finally, an evaluation framework with quantum-native metrics, such as entropy throughput, coherence latency, and entanglement fidelity, is introduced, along with open challenges for programmable stacks, digital twins, and AI-defined quantum agents. The specific and novel contribution of this work is a Quantum-Converged OSI stack that extends the classical seven-layer model with two additional layers: Layer 0, the Quantum Substrate, responsible for entanglement management, coherence preservation, and teleportation; and Layer 8, the Cognitive Intent Plane, which enables AI- and QML-driven orchestration. Unlike prior technology-centric surveys, the proposed framework classifies over 150 research works by OSI layer, maps enabling technologies (QKD, QEC, PQC) and application domains (satellite quantum links, quantum IoT, federated edge systems) to their functional layers, and introduces a quantum-native evaluation framework based on entropy throughput, coherence latency, and entanglement fidelity. This layer-resolved synthesis, together with the formal definition of cross-layer quantum-native metrics, constitutes the principal novelty distinguishing this survey from existing quantum-networking reviews.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:46:33Z","timestamp":1788875193000},"page":"5696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["OSI Stack Redesign for Quantum Networks: Requirements, Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6789-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakil","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehia","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0087-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Cue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Almazyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5948-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasser S.","family":"Albalawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Kamran","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashfaq","family":"Khokhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2025.3560035","article-title":"Future of connectivity: A comprehensive review of innovations and challenges in 7g smart networks","volume":"6","author":"Chamola","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. 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