{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:07:58Z","timestamp":1789103278743,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Leading Program of Shaanxi","award":["2024QY-SZX-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QY-SZX-27"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation-Yellow River Water Science Research Joint Fund Project","award":["U2443230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2443230"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province","award":["[2024]008-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2024]008-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To apply distributed optical fiber strain sensing (DOFSS) to the monitoring of rainfall-induced landslide deformation of landslide-prone soil slopes, this study proposes a deployment scheme and installation technique for strain-sensing optical fiber cables in soil slopes based on existing engineering experience and validates them through laboratory-scale physical model tests. The results show that direct burial of optical fiber cables in boreholes is a suitable installation method. A 2.0 mm tight-buffered optical fiber cable anchored with 5.0 mm heat-shrink-tube anchors was adopted as the fixed sensing configuration in the laboratory tests. In the laboratory model tests, the locations of strain peaks measured by the optical fiber cables were spatially associated with the visibly deformed regions, indicating that the strain anomalies can be used to approximately locate internal strain-concentration zones. The slope toe was identified as the location where localized failure was first observed, and the second rapid increase in strain at the slope toe may be regarded as a potential precursor of accelerated localized deformation under the tested condition. Borehole spacing has a significant influence on monitoring accuracy and is recommended to be controlled within 20\u201348% of the horizontal length of the potentially unstable slope zone. The variations in volumetric water content, earth pressure, and wetting front migration at different locations of the slope are highly correlated with rainfall infiltration and the evolution of slope surface erosion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:55:46Z","timestamp":1788879346000},"page":"5701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distributed Optical Fiber Strain Sensing for Monitoring Rainfall-Induced Deformation of Landslide-Prone Soil Slopes: A Physical Model Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8951-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinliang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Baishan Power Plant, Songhuajiang Hydropower Co., Ltd., Jilin 132012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xijia","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Power China Guiyang Engineering Corporation Limited, Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Power China Guiyang Engineering Corporation Limited, Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2321-5982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junrui","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7235-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3482-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhendong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-024-03937-x","article-title":"An integrated investigation of the failure mechanism of loess landslide induced by raining: From field to laboratory","volume":"83","author":"Leng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. 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