{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:08:39Z","timestamp":1789103319127,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008899","name":"University of South Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008899","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02b6qw903","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early mobilization (EM) can mitigate hospital-acquired deconditioning by preserving prehospital functional status. EM measurement is challenging due to concerns such as accuracy and patient comfort. Palarum PUP\u00ae Smart Socks were designed for the hospital setting to track step count and time out of bed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inter-method reliability of the Palarum PUP\u00ae Smart Socks compared with the Opal v1 Mobility Lab system. Using a cross-sectional design, participants wore Smart Socks and six mobility sensors while completing three trials of a 20 m walk at a self-selected pace. Step count, stride length, gait speed, and duration were recorded. Differences between the two measurement systems were assessed using paired t-tests, agreement was evaluated using Bland\u2013Altman analyses, and reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with 95% confidence intervals. Fifty-three participants were enrolled (mean age 37.9 \u00b1 16.7 years; 64% female; 75% White; BMI 28.2 \u00b1 5.9 kg\/m2). ICCs demonstrated excellent reliability for step count and duration (ICC &gt; 0.90) moderate reliability for gait speed (ICC = 0.52), and poor reliability for stride length (ICC = 0.30). Reliability was statistically significant for step count, gait speed, duration, and stride length (all p &lt; 0.01). Findings support the reliability of Palarum PUP\u00ae Smart Socks among ambulatory adults. By overcoming many limitations of traditional wearables in hospital settings, Smart Socks may be particularly well suited for EM programs. However, further validation is needed among hospitalized adults who may have slower gait speed and\/or altered gait patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:02:48Z","timestamp":1788962568000},"page":"5730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Inter-Method Reliability Between Palarum PUP Smart Socks\u00ae and the Opal v1 Mobility Lab System Among Ambulatory Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3889-3636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advancing Chronic Care Outcomes Through Research and iNnovation (ACORN) Center, Biobehavioral Health & Nursing Science Department, College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9745-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Flach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1586-8535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsie M.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kesheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advancing Chronic Care Outcomes Through Research and iNnovation (ACORN) Center, Biobehavioral Health & Nursing Science Department, College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e086976","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086976","article-title":"Towards a common definition of hospital-acquired deconditioning in adults: A scoping review","volume":"15","author":"Westlake","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.09.015","article-title":"Prevalence of hospital-associated disability in older adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Loyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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