{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T09:03:25Z","timestamp":1789549405891,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Jinlun Kuntian Special Machine Co., Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the oversteering risk during aircraft ground towing with a towbarless towing vehicle, this study proposes a dual-LiDAR point-cloud detection and pose estimation method for aircraft rear-wheel targets. First, a complementary dual-LiDAR acquisition strategy is adopted to reduce rear-wheel point-cloud occlusion caused by the aircraft nose landing gear and towing mechanism. Second, considering the small size and distinctive local geometry of rear-wheel targets, vertical density enhanced encoding and a lightweight CNN-Transformer BEV backbone are introduced into the PointPillars framework. The vertical density enhanced encoding explicitly describes the normalized height-wise distribution of valid points within each pillar, thereby improving the representation of cylindrical wheel structures. The CNN-Transformer BEV backbone incorporates a window-based self-attention Transformer module into deep features to strengthen local contextual modeling in the BEV space. Based on the detected coordinates of the left and right rear wheels, the aircraft fuselage pose is then estimated in combination with the TLTV coordinate system. In three-seed experiments on the fixed validation split, the Full model achieves an mAP@0.5 of 0.8788\u00b10.0161, which is 8.50 percentage points higher than the original PointPillars baseline. The model contains 4.1069 M parameters and runs at 38.0732 FPS. The towing-angle estimation error remains within the allowable engineering range. These results show that the task-specific adaptations improve rear-wheel detection while retaining a compact model and real-time processing capability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:29:29Z","timestamp":1789133369000},"page":"5780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Improved PointPillars-Based Dual-LiDAR Method for Aircraft Relative Pose Estimation in Towbarless Towing Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Beijing Jinlun Kuntian Special Machine Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Falian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Beijing Jinlun Kuntian Special Machine Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hongfeng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Beijing Jinlun Kuntian Special Machine Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58443","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983149","article-title":"A Survey of Autonomous Driving: Common Practices and Emerging Technologies","volume":"8","author":"Yurtsever","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pendleton, S.D., Andersen, H., Du, X., Shen, X., Meghjani, M., Eng, Y.H., Rus, D., and Ang, M.H. 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