{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:04:36Z","timestamp":1789383876424,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid","award":["ZBKJXM20232299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZBKJXM20232299"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid","award":["ZBKJXM20232301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZBKJXM20232301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Latent faults in electromagnetic transient (EMT) components can alter initialization, switching-event, and history-state semantics while producing sparse or small waveform discrepancies. This study formulates a reference-model-based verification as a closed-set, waveform-guided diagnosis and constrained source-repair problem. Global, local-window, and event-level evidence rank fault mechanisms or trigger abstention. Repairs must pass compile-feasibility, behavioral-conformance, and applicability-aware physics-and-discretization audit gates. A multi-agent workflow implements this process. InvSqrt and single-phase-breaker faults were corrected to exported-waveform precision; the breaker record contained only two nonzero differences among 20,000 samples. The VARRL correction yielded 0.1% residual node-voltage RMS differences. A within-case VARRL extension across four matched conditions and three source variants exposed condition-dependent activation, a weakly separated effect of 0.018% RMS relative difference, a smaller inseparable effect routed to expert review, and a mixed-snapshot variant that reduced reference error but violated a discretization contract. An author-constructed ten-candidate challenge set spanning three component structures compiled in RSCAD FX 2.3 CBuilder; the deterministic audit returned Pass for three designed semantics-preserving refactorings, Reject for six isolated rule violations, and Expert review for one underspecified temporal convention. These results provide mechanism-level and preliminary audit-coverage evidence rather than population-level fault frequency, independent classification accuracy, general rule sufficiency, or formal verification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1789381181000},"page":"5789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Waveform-Feature-Driven Diagnosis and Physics-Constrained Self-Correction of Representative EMT Component Implementation Faults: A Multi-Agent Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jieran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6139-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of HVDC, Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510663, China"},{"name":"National Energy Power Grid Technology R&D Centre, Guangzhou 510663, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Operation and Control for New Energy Power System, Guangzhou 510663, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Keyou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAS.1969.292459","article-title":"Digital Computer Solution of Electromagnetic Transients in Single- and Multiphase Networks","volume":"PAS-88","author":"Dommel","year":"1969","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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