{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:01:20Z","timestamp":1790071280291,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) within the project \u201cK\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz f\u00fcr das Ultraschall-Monitoring von Wasserstoffdruckbeh\u00e4ltern\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03VP10464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03VP10464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous structural health monitoring is essential for ensuring the safe operation of critical engineering systems. Ultrasonic guided waves are widely used for damage detection and localization due to their ability to cover large areas with high sensitivity to structural changes. This work evaluates the robustness of a previously proposed guided-wave localization approach by applying it to the complex geometry of carbon fiber composite plates with integrated omega stringers. The measurement data used in this study were provided within the framework of the Open Guided Waves project. We employ an interpretable machine-learning framework based on the normalized root mean square deviation to extract damage-sensitive features. Damage localization is further improved by modeling the spatial damage probability using a normal distribution, which enhances spatial coverage of the structure. The influence of 13 damages with progressively increasing size on classification and localization performance is systematically analyzed. The proposed method achieves an average classification accuracy of 95% and a mean localization error of 5 mm, demonstrating its suitability for damage characterization in complex composite structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1789381181000},"page":"5804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Damage Localization on a Complex Composite Structure Based on NRMSD and Normal Distribution Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7788-5042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houssam","family":"El Moutaouakil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab for Measurement Technology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Enes","family":"Savli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), 01109 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3060-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Sch\u00fctze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab for Measurement Technology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2017.09.007","article-title":"Middleware and Communication Technologies for Structural Health Monitoring of Critical Infrastructures: A Survey","volume":"56","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. 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