{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:04:27Z","timestamp":1789398267854,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82501457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82501457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82501457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82501457"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation project","award":["7252004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7252004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reducing user-specific calibration is critical for practical steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain\u2013computer interfaces (BCIs), yet few-shot cross-subject decoding remains challenged by heterogeneous source transferability and inter-subject variability. We propose SQ-HAF, a source quality-guided framework that combines target-relevant source selection, frequency neighborhood-regularized spatial filtering, covariance alignment, and multi-branch decision fusion. Candidate source subjects are ranked primarily by target\u2013source template similarity; when more than one labeled calibration trial per stimulus is available, split-half template consistency (STC) provides a bounded confidence adjustment. The retained source data are used to construct aligned generalized and source-specific templates. For recognition, SQ-HAF fuses a five-subband harmonic reference CCA score with generalized source template and source-specific template scores. We evaluated SQ-HAF using leave-one-subject-out validation on the 35-subject Benchmark and 70-subject BETA datasets. Under the 1.0 s protocol with one labeled calibration trial per stimulus, the complete SQ-HAF configuration achieved 81.57% accuracy (ACC) and 227.83 bits\/min information transfer rate (ITR) on Benchmark, and 65.56% ACC and 163.42 bits\/min ITR on BETA. In a matched 0.5 s analysis with two calibration trials per stimulus, the five-subband harmonic reference design improved ACC over single-band processing on both datasets after Holm correction. These results indicate that target-relevant source screening and complementary harmonic\/template evidence can support low-calibration cross-subject SSVEP decoding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1789395304000},"page":"5830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SQ-HAF: Source Quality-Guided Hierarchical Adaptation and Multi-Branch Fusion for Few-Shot Cross-Subject SSVEP Recognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Haoran","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8876-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuanbo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Juanning","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fangjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2024.3449790","article-title":"Non-Invasive Brain-Computer Interfaces: State of the Art and Trends","volume":"18","author":"Edelman","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. 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