{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:05:58Z","timestamp":1789470358814,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Statutory activity of the Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008fyn775","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the integration of a planar thick-film thermoelectric microgenerator based on CuNi\u2013Cu materials with an HF RFID tag STM M24LR64E-R. The developed microgenerator consisted of 20 thermocouples connected in series and was characterized by a total internal resistance of 7.11 \u03a9. To match the energy parameters of both systems, a low-power LTC3108 DC\u2013DC converter was used, allowing the increase in the voltage generated by the microgenerator from 80 mV to 2.35 V. The output power obtained from the converter was 29.3 \u00b5W, which proved sufficient to power the RFID tag. In idle mode, the power consumption of the tag was approximately 17 \u00b5W, while during the communication process it increased to 42 \u00b5W for approximately 1 ms. Subsequently, for about 25 ms, the energy demand of the system remained below the power delivered by the converter. The energy balance analysis performed demonstrated the possibility of correctly powering the tag throughout the entire communication cycle. The results obtained indicate that the use of a thermoelectric microgenerator as a power source for an RFID tag may contribute to reducing the system response time by eliminating the need for wake-up procedures, as well as potentially increasing the effective communication range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:32:01Z","timestamp":1789468321000},"page":"5842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integration of a Planar Thick-Film CuNi\u2013Cu-Based Thermoelectric Microgenerator with an RFID Tag"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0709-4797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8366-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Markowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0018-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Stojek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Patryk","family":"Pyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Systems, Rzesz\u00f3w University of Technology, Aleja Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy 12, 35-029 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0008-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Dziedzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.111197","article-title":"RFID Technology and Its Diverse Applications: A Brief Exposition with a Proposed Machine Learning Approach","volume":"195","author":"Suresh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19707","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3202634","article-title":"A 22-m Operation Range Semi-Passive UHF RFID Sensor Tag with Flexible Thermoelectric Harvester","volume":"22","author":"Solar","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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