{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:31:27Z","timestamp":1789659087848,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korean government","award":["RS-2022-00142239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-00142239"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xt5aa77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RS-2022-00142239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-00142239"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xt5aa77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cargo-fall accidents caused by improper cargo loading have frequently occurred on highways in recent years, posing a growing threat to driver safety. Because enforcement typically relies on fixed inspection stations, some drivers illegally alter their cargo loads between checkpoints to evade overload inspections, and such changes are rarely secured properly, further increasing the risk of cargo-fall accidents. Current cargo inspection systems, however, are largely limited to labor-intensive manual checks or weight-based sensors that cannot distinguish between items of comparable weight. This paper presents an approach that detects cargo load changes on trucks by comparing depth maps acquired through a stereo vision system across consecutive passes. The proposed approach normalizes the raw depth map to correct for perspective distortion and aligns the current and previous cargo-bed regions through one-dimensional projection matching, enabling accurate comparison independent of cargo color or texture. We validate the approach through field experiments at SMTB under two test scenarios, one with uniform cargo items and one with diverse, irregularly placed items, and benchmark it against four widely used alignment algorithms: SIFT, ORB, AKAZE, and XFeat. The proposed algorithm reaches a combined detection rate of 91.49% (43\/47), well above every conventional algorithm, at a processing speed nearly on par with ORB, the fastest of the compared methods. Notably, all four conventional algorithms consistently miss the same subset of events involving a tarpaulin, whose color and texture closely resemble the cargo bed, whereas the depth-based approach detects these events without difficulty. These findings offer practical guidance for building more reliable, real-world cargo load change detection systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:07:29Z","timestamp":1789574849000},"page":"5866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Truck Cargo Load Change Detection: Depth Map Normalization and 1D Projection Matching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yongju","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Micro\/Nano Systems, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Smart Network Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si 13449, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Changil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Network Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si 13449, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuntae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Micro\/Nano Systems, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Smart Network Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si 13449, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jinuk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Network Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si 13449, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5117-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeong-Kwon","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Micro\/Nano Systems, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, Y., Mizutani, D., and Lee, J. 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