{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:04:41Z","timestamp":1789646681319,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42307253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["42307253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307253"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electronic toll collection (ETC) gantries generate transaction records, yet existing anomaly-detection approaches often depend on manual labels or external information, limiting multiview inconsistency ranking under restricted supervision. We propose consistency-aware weakly supervised anomaly sensing for ETC (CAWS-ETC), combining monetary, temporal, structural-pattern, and contextual-semantic evidence and transferring high-confidence references to Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM). Evaluation used 14,510,847 transactions from 2525 gantries. On joint-transfer benchmarks, CAWS-ETC achieved area under the precision\u2013recall curve (AUPRC) values of 0.9354 for rule-aligned interventions and 0.9018 for rule-orthogonal challenges, versus 0.7609 and 0.7377 for Isolation Forest. A blinded audit of 1200 unmodified transactions by two independent reviewers yielded 777 determinate labels; CAWS-ETC achieved a sampling-weighted AUPRC of 0.7946, while Isolation Forest showed higher ranking point estimates on this temporal-only subset. Post hoc attribution showed that direct rule-created and high-confidence probabilistic labels were identical after the 0.90\/0.10 selection, and matched LightGBM models produced essentially identical rankings. Thus, capability beyond direct rule activation arose primarily from discriminative transfer rather than measurable gains from probabilistic aggregation or posterior-confidence weighting. Because all experiments used one day from one provincial network, multi-day, seasonal, and cross-region generalizability remain unverified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:41:35Z","timestamp":1789645295000},"page":"5889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consistency-Aware Weakly Supervised Anomaly Sensing for Large-Scale Expressway ETC Gantry Transactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yijia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, School of Aeronautics, Shandong Jiaotong University, Haitang Road No. 5001, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2509-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiyan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traffic Engineering, School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Haitang Road No. 5001, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, School of Aeronautics, Shandong Jiaotong University, Haitang Road No. 5001, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Zyryanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traffic and Transport Organization, Faculty of Road Traffic, Don State Technical University, Sotsialisticheskaya Street No. 162, 344022 Rostov-on-Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1049\/itr2.12500","article-title":"Towards intelligent transportation system: A comprehensive review of electronic toll collection systems","volume":"18","author":"Shahrier","year":"2024","journal-title":"IET Intell. 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