{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:01:47Z","timestamp":1790071307243,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, the time-averaged root-mean-square RF field (B1+rms) and specific absorption rate (SAR) are being evaluated to monitor and control RF-induced heating near conductive metallic implants, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads, during MRI. However, experimental methods to assess the relationship between RF power, B1+rms, and SAR are lacking for RF coils, RF pulse sequences, metallic implants, and ionic solutions. A method is developed to evaluate the variation in RF power, B1+rms, and SAR with RF coils, metallic implants, and ionic solutions using phantoms consisting of water (H2O) and sodium chloride (NaCl) with four ionic concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3%), four metallic wavelengths (0, \u03bb\/2, \u03bb, 2\u03bb), two RF coils (body, head), transmit\/receive (Tx\/Rx) combinations, and five RF pulse flip angles (30, 45, 60, 75, 90 degrees) in two B0 fields (1.5T and 3T). The scanner-reported RF power and SAR varied with RF pulse sequences, RF coils, Tx\/Rx, metallic implants, and ionic solutions, whereas B1+rms varied only with RF pulse sequences. The RF power, B1+rms, and SAR relationship depends on RF pulse sequences, RF coils, Tx\/Rx, metallic implant wavelengths, and ionic concentrations. SAR (whole-body, head) scaled with RF power by absorption ratios (\u03b1) variable with experimental conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1790067857000},"page":"5894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RF Power, B1+rms, and SAR Variation with RF Coils, Conductive Metallic Implants, and Ionic Solutions at 1.5T and 3T"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1461-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H.","family":"Gultekin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"AAOS (2025). American Joint Replacement Registry (AJRR): 2025 Annual Report, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2308353","article-title":"Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices","volume":"390","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2020.06.007","article-title":"Unregulated Online Sales of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices in the United States: A Six-Month Assessment","volume":"1","author":"Akinyele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm O2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Nunez, A.E., Rozell, C.J., Little, S., Tan, H., Schmidt, S.L., Grill, W.M., Pajic, M., Turner, D.A., de Hemptinne, C., and Machado, A. (2025). Proceedings of the 12th Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: Cutting Edge Technology Meets Novel Applications. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 19, Correction in Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2025, 19, 1612584.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1544994"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S197","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20956","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Surgical Issues","volume":"21","author":"Rezai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.7.JNS142599","article-title":"A Decade of Emerging Indications: Deep Brain Stimulation in the United States","volume":"125","author":"Youngerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0128-2","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation: Current Challenges and Future Directions","volume":"15","author":"Lozano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13063","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation for Multiple Sclerosis Tremor: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Brandmeir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S282","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.302459","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation for Refractory Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Addiction","volume":"68","author":"Ranjan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.013","article-title":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired with Rehabilitation for Stroke: Implantation Experience from the VNS-REHAB Trial","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120253","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders and Behavioral\/Cognitive-Related Indications: Review of the Literature and Implications for Treatment","volume":"437","author":"Mahoney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1852","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206887","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in the MORE Multicenter Patient Registry","volume":"100","author":"Peltola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.4.JNS23114","article-title":"Safety and Feasibility Clinical Trial of Nucleus Accumbens Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Refractory Opioid Use Disorder","volume":"140","author":"Rezai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1212","article-title":"Neurostimulators: Potential for Excessive Heating of Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes during Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Rezai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocmr.2024.100995","article-title":"SCMR Expert Consensus Statement for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance of Patients with a Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e821","article-title":"HRS Call-to-Action: Improved MRI Access for Patients with Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices","volume":"22","author":"Russo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80828-7","article-title":"Measurement and Evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate and Temperature Elevation Caused by an Artificial Hip Joint during MRI Scanning","volume":"11","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Shellock, F.G., and Karacozoff, A.M. (2020). Reference Manual for Magnetic Resonance Safety, Implants, and Devices, Biomedical Research Publishing Group."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10069","article-title":"Neurostimulation Systems for Deep Brain Stimulation: In Vitro Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Related Heating at 1.5 Tesla","volume":"15","author":"Rezai","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22292","article-title":"Effect of the Extracranial Deep Brain Stimulation Lead on Radiofrequency Heating at 9.4 Tesla (400.2 MHz)","volume":"32","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.034","article-title":"RF-Induced Heating in Tissue near Bilateral DBS Implants during MRI at 1.5 T and 3T: The Role of Surgical Lead Management","volume":"184","author":"Golestanirad","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020192291","article-title":"Improving Safety of MRI in Patients with Deep Brain Stimulation Devices","volume":"296","author":"Boutet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27194","article-title":"MRI-Related Heating of Implants and Devices: A Review","volume":"53","author":"Winter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2022). MRI Procedure Information, Abbott Medical MR Conditional Deep Brain Stimulation Systems, Clinician\u2019s Manual, Abbott Neuromodulation. Available online: www.neuromodulation.abbott.com."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Medtronic (2020). MRI Guidelines for Medtronic Deep Brain Stimulation Systems 2020-06-01, Medtronic, Inc."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Smith & Nephew (2023). MRI Safety Information and Parameters for Smith & Nephew Orthopaedics AG Hip Implants, Smith & Nephew Orthopaedics AG."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5562","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13768","article-title":"MRI-Related FDA Adverse Event Reports: A 10-Yr Review","volume":"46","author":"Delfino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/23\/4\/006","article-title":"RF Magnetic Field Penetration, Phase Shift and Power Dissipation in Biological Tissue: Implications for NMR Imaging","volume":"23","author":"Bottomley","year":"1978","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2008.04.003","article-title":"Turning up the Heat on MRI","volume":"5","author":"Bottomley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1063; discussion E1063","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000180810.16964.3E","article-title":"Permanent Neurological Deficit Related to Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Patient with Implanted Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Case Report","volume":"57","author":"Henderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Vaughan, J.T. (2020). RF Coils and MR Safety. eMagRes, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2017). ISO Implants for Surgery\u2014Active Implantable Medical Devices\u2014Part 3: Implantable Neurostimulators (Standard No. ISO Standard ANSI\/AAMI\/ISO 14708-3:2017)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2018). Assessment of the Safety of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Patients with an Active Implantable Medical Device (Standard No. ISO ISO\/TS 10974:2018)."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ICNIRP (2020). Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). Health Phys., 118, 483\u2013524.","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001210"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2022). IEC Medical Electrical Equipment\u2014Part 2-33: Particular Requirements for the Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Magnetic Resonance Equipment for Medical Diagnosis (Standard No. IEC 60601-2-33:2022)."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"FDA (2021). Testing and Labeling Medical Devices for Safety in the Magnetic Resonance (MR) Environment, Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1109\/JMW.2025.3550087","article-title":"Experimental Evaluation of Relationship Between Radiofrequency Heating Near Implanted Conductive Devices, Scanner-Reported B1+rms, and Transmit Power","volume":"5","author":"Gultekin","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Microw."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1109\/JMW.2026.3666625","article-title":"Comments on \u201cExperimental Evaluation of Relationship Between Radiofrequency Heating Near Implanted Conductive Devices, Scanner-Reported B1+rms, and Transmit Power\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Steckner","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE J. Microw."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1109\/JMW.2026.3666608","article-title":"Reply to Comments on \u2018Experimental Evaluation of Relationship Between Radiofrequency Heating Near Implanted Conductive Devices, Scanner-Reported B1+rms, and Transmit Power\u2019","volume":"6","author":"Gultekin","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE J. Microw."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1109\/JMW.2026.3666607","article-title":"Final Response to Authors of \u201cExperimental Evaluation of Relationship Between Radiofrequency Heating Near Implanted Conductive Devices, Scanner-Reported B1+rms, and Transmit Power\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Steckner","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE J. Microw."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115593","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3002183","article-title":"Absorption of 5G Radiation in Brain Tissue as a Function of Frequency, Power and Time","volume":"8","author":"Gultekin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/14786449708621095","article-title":"On the Theory of the Magnetic Influence on Spectra; and on the Radiation from Moving Ions","volume":"44","author":"Larmor","year":"1897","journal-title":"Lond. Edinb. Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.70.460","article-title":"Nuclear Induction","volume":"70","author":"Bloch","year":"1946","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(82)90221-1","article-title":"Head and Body Imaging by Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance","volume":"1","author":"Bottomley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2019). IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz (Standard No. IEEE Std C95.1-2019 (Revision of IEEE Std C95.1-2005\/Incorporates IEEE Std C95.1-2019\/Cor 1-2019))."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595000","article-title":"Power Deposition in Whole-Body NMR Imaging","volume":"8","author":"Bottomley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910020404","article-title":"Estimating Radiofrequency Power Deposition in Body NMR Imaging","volume":"2","author":"Bottomley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595995","article-title":"Radiofrequency Penetration and Absorption in the Human Body: Limitations to High-Field Whole-Body Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"14","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S1064-9689(21)00481-5","article-title":"Safety Aspects of Radiofrequency Power Deposition in Magnetic Resonance","volume":"6","author":"Schaefer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb49604.x","article-title":"Homogeneous Tissue Model Estimates of RF Power Deposition in Human NMR Studies. Local Elevations Predicted in Surface Coil Decoupling","volume":"649","author":"Bottomley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1459","article-title":"Radio Frequency Coils Are the \u201clenses\u201d of the MRI System","volume":"22","author":"Vaughan","year":"2009","journal-title":"NMR BioMed."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Vaughan, J.T., and Lagore, R. (2020). RF Coil Construction for MRI. eMagRes, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/cmr.b.20165","article-title":"An Efficient Method for Electrical Conductivity Measurement in the RF Range","volume":"37B","author":"Giovannetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Concepts Magn. Reson. Part B Magn. Reson. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10137","article-title":"Analysis of Wave Behavior in Lossy Dielectric Samples at High Field","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/13645700600640931","article-title":"MRI-Induced Heating of Selected Thin Wire Metallic Implants\u2014Laboratory and Computational Studies\u2014Findings and New Questions Raised","volume":"15","author":"Bassen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Minim. Invasive Ther. Allied Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3828","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3439590","article-title":"Designing Passive MRI-Safe Implantable Conducting Leads with Electrodes","volume":"37","author":"Bottomley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-14-38","article-title":"MRI Active Guidewire with an Embedded Temperature Probe and Providing a Distinct Tip Signal to Enhance Clinical Safety","volume":"14","author":"Sonmez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.015","article-title":"Reconfigurable MRI Technology for Low-SAR Imaging of Deep Brain Stimulation at 3T: Application in Bilateral Leads, Fully-Implanted Systems, and Surgically Modified Lead Trajectories","volume":"199","author":"Kazemivalipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovannetti, G., Flori, A., and Frijia, F. (2023). Conductor Losses in Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance below 3T: Estimation Methods and Minimization Strategies. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125586"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28540","article-title":"How Thin Can You Go? Performance of Thin Copper and Aluminum RF Coil Conductors","volume":"85","author":"Barta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/cmr.a.20219","article-title":"Dielectric Materials in Magnetic Resonance","volume":"38A","author":"Webb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Concepts Magn. Reson. Part A"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025002","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.97.025002","article-title":"CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2022","volume":"97","author":"Mohr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojda, R., Galigekere, V.P., Pries, J., and Onar, O. (2020). Copper-Clad Aluminum Windings as an Alternative Conductor for High-Power Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITEC48692.2020.9161643"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121401","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0268009","article-title":"Full-Wave Simulation of Radio Frequency Resonators for MRI: Strip and Wire Conductors Inductance Estimation","volume":"96","author":"Giovannetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Siemens (2020). Operator Manual\u2014TimTX TrueForm, TimTX TrueShape, Syngo MR XA30, Siemens Healthcare GmbH."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Siemens (2020). Operator Manual\u2014Scanning, Syngo MR XA30, Siemens Healthcare GmbH."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robitaille, P.-M., and Berliner, L. (2006). Radiofrequency Field Calculations for High Field MRI. Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-49648-1"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20919","article-title":"Insight into RF Power Requirements and B1 Field Homogeneity for Human MRI via Rigorous FDTD Approach","volume":"25","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055021","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad2714","article-title":"Impact of MRI RF Coil Design on the RF-Induced Heating of Medical Implants: Fixed B1+rms Exposure versus Normal Operating Mode","volume":"69","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2364(85)90349-X","article-title":"Comparison of Linear and Circular Polarization for Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"64","author":"Glover","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. (1969)"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22724","article-title":"Reduction of Implant RF Heating through Modification of Transmit Coil Electric Field","volume":"65","author":"Eryaman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25986","article-title":"Virtual Population-Based Assessment of the Impact of 3 Tesla Radiofrequency Shimming and Thermoregulation on Safety and B1+ Uniformity","volume":"76","author":"Murbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/18\/5894\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:08:47Z","timestamp":1790068127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/18\/5894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s26185894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26185894","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}