{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:02:22Z","timestamp":1790071342152,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFB3214000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB3214000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62504146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62504146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62504146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62504146"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2025QC1605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025QC1605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Target-oriented sensing image processing and analysis are important for intelligent surveillance and dynamic sensing applications, where wireless systems need to recover task-relevant visual and state information from heterogeneous sensing data. This study develops a vision\u2013radar semantic communication system for joint target image reconstruction and dynamic state estimation. The transmitter jointly encodes scene-level visual observations and target-associated radar echoes through vision\u2013radar semantic extraction and fusion, lightweight contextual semantic encoding, and communication-aware semantic transmission. The receiver uses a multi-task semantic decoder to reconstruct the target image and estimate normalized distance, angle, and velocity. Experiments are conducted under adaptive signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)\u2013modulation operating points and evaluated using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure (SSIM), and normalized state-estimation root mean square errors (RMSEs). The developed system achieves an average PSNR of 24.57 dB, SSIM of 0.8896, Normalized Distance RMSE of 0.0120, Normalized Angle RMSE of 0.0059, and Normalized Velocity RMSE of 0.0015, outperforming a continuous-channel training variant on all reported average metrics. Ablation studies show that the composite reconstruction objective and adaptive task-balancing scheme provide favorable visual-sensing tradeoffs. These results indicate that vision\u2013radar semantic communication can support target-oriented visual sensing and dynamic state recovery within a unified sensing-oriented wireless framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1790067857000},"page":"5900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vision\u2013Radar Semantic Communication for Target-Oriented Visual Sensing: Image Reconstruction and Dynamic State Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Quzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Quzhou 324003, China"},{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Quzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Quzhou 324003, China"},{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7170-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Quzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Quzhou 324003, China"},{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43796","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3380192","article-title":"VD-Net: An Edge Vision-Based Surveillance System for Violence Detection","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcrti, \u00c1., and Szemenyei, M. (2024, January 1\u20133). Automatic Traffic Monitoring Using Spatial Transformer Network and Monocular Depth Estimation. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Mobility, Operations, Services and Technologies (MOST), Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MOST60774.2024.00012"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyahara, K., Xu, Y., and Ohara, N. (November, January 31). Camera Image Dehazing and Target Detection for Autonomous Vehicles. Proceedings of the TENCON 2023\u20132023 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), Chiang Mai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON58879.2023.10322309"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2025.125405","article-title":"Target Tracking by Cameras and Millimeter-Wave Radars: A Confidence Information Fusion Method","volume":"12","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3223224","article-title":"Semantic Communications for Future Internet: Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3412852","article-title":"Less Data, More Knowledge: Building Next-Generation Semantic Communication Networks","volume":"27","author":"Chaccour","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3443193","article-title":"Intellicise Wireless Networks from Semantic Communications: A Survey, Research Issues, and Challenges","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9248","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3269444","article-title":"Task-Oriented Explainable Semantic Communications","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3221991","article-title":"Deep Learning-Enabled Semantic Communication Systems with Task-Unaware Transmitter and Dynamic Data","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3221990","article-title":"Personalized Saliency in Task-Oriented Semantic Communications: Image Transmission and Performance Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., and Deng, Y. (2025, January 8\u201312). Goal-Oriented Semantic Communication for Wireless Image Transmission via Stable Diffusion. Proceedings of the ICC 2025\u2014IEEE International Conference on Communications, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC52391.2025.11161787"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3335977","article-title":"Rate-Adaptive Coding Mechanism for Semantic Communications with Multi-Modal Data","volume":"72","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3364990","article-title":"A Unified Multi-Task Semantic Communication System for Multimodal Data","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3525477","article-title":"Multi-Task Semantic Communication with Graph Attention-Based Feature Correlation Extraction","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3339328","article-title":"Target Track Enhancement Based on Asynchronous Radar and Camera Fusion in Intelligent Driving System","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2022.3211198","article-title":"Fusion of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar and Camera Images for Automotive Target Tracking","volume":"17","author":"Ram","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., and Jiang, F. (2024, January 21\u201324). Design and Optimization of Swin Transformers-Based Image Semantic Communication System Under SIMO Channels. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 12th International Conference on Information, Communication and Networks (ICICN), Guilin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICN62625.2024.10761243"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabati, R., and Qi, H. (2021, January 3\u20138). CenterFusion: Center-based Radar and Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detection. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00157"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7278","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2025.3575312","article-title":"RADRadar: Range-Angle-Doppler Feature Cube Reconstruction for Radar Scene Perception","volume":"10","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Shin, J., Kim, S., Lee, I.-J., Choi, J.W., and Kum, D. (2023, January 1\u20136). CRN: Camera Radar Net for Accurate, Robust, Efficient 3D Perception. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01615"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3307157","article-title":"Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2023.3238310","article-title":"SAGN: Semantic-Aware Graph Network for Remote Sensing Scene Classification","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5615614","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3294241","article-title":"Global to Local: A Scale-Aware Network for Remote Sensing Object Detection","volume":"61","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2019.2919300","article-title":"Deep Joint Source-Channel Coding for Wireless Image Transmission","volume":"5","author":"Bourtsoulatze","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3223408","article-title":"Beyond Transmitting Bits: Context, Semantics, and Task-Oriented Communications","volume":"41","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3610398","article-title":"SIMAC: A Semantic-Driven Integrated Multimodal Sensing and Communication Framework","volume":"44","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3599852","article-title":"Multimodal Semantic Communications Empowered Lane-Change Planning for Autonomous Driving","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAIT.2022.3231042","article-title":"DeepJSCC-Q: Constellation Constrained Deep Joint Source-Channel Coding","volume":"3","author":"Tung","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5626","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3386577","article-title":"Joint Coding-Modulation for Digital Semantic Communications via Variational Autoencoder","volume":"72","author":"Bo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Wang, X., Ke, Z., Zhang, W., and Lau, R. (2023, January 18\u201322). BiFormer: Vision Transformer with Bi-Level Routing Attention. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00995"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Lan, Z., Chen, M., Goodman, S., Gimpel, K., Sharma, P., and Soricut, R. (2019). ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representations. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Chen, X., Xie, S., Li, Y., Doll\u00e1r, P., and Girshick, R. (2022, January 18\u201324). Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learners. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01553"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S., Hoogs, A., Perera, A., Cuntoor, N., Chen, C.-C., Lee, J.T., Mukherjee, S., Aggarwal, J.K., Lee, H., and Davis, L. (2011, January 20\u201325). A large-scale benchmark dataset for event recognition in surveillance video. Proceedings of the CVPR 2011, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995586"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/18\/5900\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:09:59Z","timestamp":1790068199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/18\/5900"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s26185900"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26185900","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}