{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:06:08Z","timestamp":1790139968857,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["25WPY017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25WPY017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007620","name":"Educational Science Planning Project of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JG24CB164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JG24CB164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007620","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007620","name":"Basic Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LJ112410176026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJ112410176026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007620","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012131","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-BS-0118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-BS-0118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025-BS-0118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-BS-0118"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f09cx53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Social Science Planning Project of Liaoning Province","award":["L24CTY009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L24CTY009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postural control in curling is expressed during a dynamic, sport-specific delivery on a single sliding leg, yet it is still assessed almost exclusively with static single-leg force-plate protocols that poorly reflect on-ice demands. This study developed and validated a wearable multi-sensor system that fuses trunk and pelvis inertial measurement units (IMUs), instrumented plantar-pressure insoles and core-muscle surface electromyography (sEMG) to quantify dynamic postural stability during the simulated curling delivery in 110 young adult curlers (age range 18\u201324 years). A four-phase segmentation of the delivery was implemented, and a compact 28-feature set was extracted and combined through a complementary Kalman fusion scheme into a single Dynamic Stability Index (DSI). Validated against a reference force plate during static single-leg standing, the IMU-derived sway path showed a small bias (~0.4 cm) with 95% limits of agreement of approximately +4.4 to \u22123.6 cm, and between-day reliability of the fused DSI was excellent (ICC(3,1) = 0.90, 95% CI [0.82, 0.95]). A random-forest classifier discriminated high- from low-stability deliveries with 91.8% accuracy (95% CI [87.2%, 95.1%]; AUC = 0.92, 95% CI [0.87, 0.96]), outperforming any single-sensor or static force-plate baseline. Sensor-derived dynamic metrics correlated with external-oblique strength, trunk proprioceptive error and motor self-efficacy (Spearman \u03c1 ranging from \u22120.55 to 0.51, all p &lt; 0.001 after Holm\u2013Bonferroni correction), and dynamic instability increased monotonically across descending self-efficacy tertiles. The proposed system provides a portable, context-relevant and interpretable tool for balance profiling in young curlers, and demonstrates that multi-sensor fusion substantially improves measurement fidelity over conventional single-modality assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:21:48Z","timestamp":1790072508000},"page":"5928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wearable Multi-Sensor Fusion for Field Assessment of Dynamic Postural Stability During the Curling Delivery in Young Adult Curlers: Integrating Trunk Kinematics, Plantar Pressure and Core-Muscle Activation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Bowen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jiying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management and Journalism Communication, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6131-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daqi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.94612","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of Dynamic and Functional Balance Tests in People Aged 19\u201354: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Lesch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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