{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:04:59Z","timestamp":1790075099638,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006348","name":"Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["00420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00420"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p2z7827","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is essential because they affect air quality and can serve as biomarkers for non-invasive early disease detection. VOCs can be identified using electronic noses combining cross-reactive sensors, pattern recognition, and classification algorithms. Here, a single-polymer 12-sensor array based on 30 MHz quartz crystal microbalances was developed using three ethyl cellulose (EC) microstructures: casting films (CFs), anti-solvent microparticles (ASMs), and electrospray microparticles (ESMs). The array detected ethanol, ethyl acetate, and heptane at ppm concentrations under controlled conditions of 20 \u00b0C and 20% relative humidity. Scanning electron micrographs exhibited average mesh-hole diameters of 1.13 \u00b1 0.44 \u03bcm for CFs, and average particle diameters of 60 \u00b1 15 nm and 1.1 \u00b1 0.3 \u03bcm for ASMs and ESMs, respectively. FTIR spectra indicated O\u2013H and H\u2013O\u2013H bending bands for ASMs and EC, whereas these bands were notably attenuated for ESMs, suggesting their affinities for polar and non-polar compounds, respectively. Mahalanobis distance and a support vector machine classifier accurately discriminated VOCs in principal component analysis space. Principal component regression and partial least squares regression predicted VOC concentrations with R2 &gt; 0.99, achieving estimated limits of detection of 143.6, 57, and 42.1 ppm by PCR and 70.5, 32.8, and 26.5 ppm by PLSR for ethanol, ethyl acetate, and heptane, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:21:48Z","timestamp":1790072508000},"page":"5934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Classification of Volatile Organic Compounds Using a Novel High-Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Array Based on Ethyl Cellulose Microstructures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0752-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Chuey-Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico-Matem\u00e1ticas, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Avenida San Claudio y 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Edificio FM1-101B, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla C.P. 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Severino","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico-Matem\u00e1ticas, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Avenida San Claudio y 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Edificio FM1-101B, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla C.P. 72570, 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