{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:06:19Z","timestamp":1790075179704,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJFR205T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFR205T"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJSP2124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["JPMJFR205T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFR205T"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00097mb19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["JPMJSP2124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2124"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00097mb19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Finite element (FE) analysis that incorporates structural damages extracted using computer vision (CV) methods based on three-dimensional point-cloud data (PCD) is effective for evaluating the residual capacity of structures. In this study, observable surface damages are regarded as surface anomaly regions on the structure. Based on this assumption, a modular mesh-model updating framework is proposed to incorporate damage information into shell-element FE models through the anomaly detection from point-cloud data. The framework comprises three modules: a perception module for the anomaly detection and anomaly-region localization, a description module for the anomaly-region quantification, and a remeshing module for mapping the anomaly region onto the FE model. Its performance was evaluated using a steel angle member specimen with artificially introduced anomaly regions representing damage. The updating results were evaluated in terms of both geometric accuracy and FE analysis (FEA) applicability by comparison with the reference FE model manually constructed from the designed anomaly-region geometries. The Intersection over Union (IoU) between corresponding anomaly regions in the updated and reference models ranges from 0.44 to 0.87, including the individual plate results for cross-surface cases. Through static elastoplastic analysis, the predicted reductions in ultimate load-bearing capacity differed by approximately 1.2 percentage points between the two updated models. Moreover, local stress redistribution showed qualitative agreement, although quantitative discrepancies remained in the magnitudes and locations of stress concentrations. Together with several supporting components, the proposed framework provides an effective workflow for integrating PCD-based CV techniques into FE model updating and has potential for FEA-based damage assessment of structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:21:48Z","timestamp":1790072508000},"page":"5950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Mesh Updating Framework for Shell-Element Finite Element Models Based on Projection of Anomaly Regions Extracted from Point-Cloud Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7416-5656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiexiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Mechanics and Energy, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mayuko","family":"Nishio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12708","article-title":"Computer-vision-based differential remeshing for updating the geometry of finite element model","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2021.101501","article-title":"3D point cloud data processing with machine learning for construction and infrastructure applications: A comprehensive review","volume":"51","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., and Liu, X. (2008, January 27\u201330). Novel Approach to Pavement Image Segmentation Based on Neighboring Difference Histogram Method. Proceedings of the 2008 Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Sanya, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2008.13"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lim, R.S., La, H.M., Shan, Z., and Sheng, W. (2011, January 9\u201313). Developing a crack inspection robot for bridge maintenance. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2011.10.003","article-title":"FoSA: F* Seed-growing Approach for crack-line detection from pavement images","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, Q., Shi, Y., and Li, M. (2024). A Review of Computer Vision-Based Crack Detection Methods in Civil Infrastructure: Progress and Challenges. Remote Sens., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16162910"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Li, Y., Zheng, X., Zheng, X., and Zhang, Q. (2023). Computer-Vision and Machine-Learning-Based Seismic Damage Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13051258"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Y., Ding, Z., Luo, Y., and Ma, Z. (2024). A Three-Step Computer Vision-Based Framework for Concrete Crack Detection and Dimensions Identification. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14082360"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.12.006","article-title":"Deep learning-based automatic volumetric damage quantification using depth camera","volume":"99","author":"Beckman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1177\/14759217211010238","article-title":"A novel intelligent inspection robot with deep stereo vision for three-dimensional concrete damage detection and quantification","volume":"21","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Li, J., Huang, S., Cui, H., Liu, P., and Sun, Q. (2021). An Automatic Concrete Crack-Detection Method Fusing Point Clouds and Images Based on Improved Otsu\u2019s Algorithm. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051581"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12967","article-title":"Vision-aided three-dimensional damage quantification and finite element model geometric updating for reinforced concrete structures","volume":"38","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-022-0890-y","article-title":"Detection of RC Spalling Damage and Quantification of Its Key Properties from 3D Point Cloud","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-021-00525-5","article-title":"Automated generation of FE models of cracked RC beams based on 3D point clouds and 2D images","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Song, H., Li, H., Yang, G., Zhang, T., Zhu, X., and Gao, Y. (2023, January 4\u20137). Incorporating cracks into the structural analysis of concrete walls using full-dimensional update of point clouds. Proceedings of the European Group for Intelligent Computing in Engineering, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2024.108936","article-title":"Assessment of the dynamic structural behaviour of storage steel tanks","volume":"221","author":"Lopes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2024.108625","article-title":"A comprehensive methodology for residual capacity evaluation of damaged steel tubular columns","volume":"216","author":"Sangani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Zhang, G., Yi, T., and Zha, X. (2024). Research on New Method for Safety Testing of Steel Structures\u2014Combining 3D Laser Scanning Technology with FEA. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14082583"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2021.06.063","article-title":"First results of a methodology to obtain a 1D variable geometry model for the structural analysis of corroded steel beams from the point cloud","volume":"33","author":"Cabaleiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2020.107220","article-title":"Strength evaluation of deteriorated girder ends. I: Experimental study on naturally corroded I-beams","volume":"159","author":"Tzortzinis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2020.107216","article-title":"Strength evaluation of deteriorated girder ends. II: Numerical study on corroded I-beams","volume":"159","author":"Tzortzinis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"153","article-title":"Detecting and Analyzing Corrosion Spots on the Hull of Large Marine Vessels Using Colored 3d Lidar Point Clouds","volume":"III\u20133","author":"Aijazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.05.032","article-title":"Algorithmic clustering of LiDAR point cloud data for textural damage identifications of structural elements","volume":"108","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-1129-2020","article-title":"Robust Detection of Surface Anomaly Using Lidar Point Cloud with Intensity","volume":"XLIII-B2-2020","author":"Ono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Girardeau-Montaut, D. (2026, September 15). CloudCompare, Available online: https:\/\/www.cloudcompare.org\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121791","article-title":"A Method for registration of 3-D shapes","volume":"14","author":"Besl","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-8856(92)90066-C","article-title":"Object modelling by registration of multiple range images","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Wang, C., Yu, B., and Xu, W. (2023, January 22\u201324). PCA Point cloud registration algorithm based on projection similarity. Proceedings of the 2023 6th International Conference on Robot Systems and Applications, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3655532.3655581"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"van de Weygaert, R., Vegter, G., Ritzerveld, J., and Icke, V. (2011). Alpha Shapes\u2014A Survey. Tessellations in the Sciences: Virtues, Techniques and Applications of Geometric Tilings, Springer."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-664X(72)80017-0","article-title":"An iterative procedure for the polygonal approximation of plane curves","volume":"1","author":"Ramer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3138\/FM57-6770-U75U-7727","article-title":"Algorithms for the reduction of the number of points required to represent a digitized line or its caricature","volume":"10","author":"Douglas","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cartographica"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chew, L.P. (1987, January 8\u201310). Constrained Delaunay Triangulations. Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry, Waterloo, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/41958.41981"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2012). Corrosion of Metals and Alloys\u2014Corrosivity of Atmospheres\u2014Classification, Determination and Estimation (Standard No. ISO 9223:2012)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2012). Corrosion of Metals and Alloys\u2014Corrosivity of Atmospheres\u2014Guiding Values for the Corrosivity Categories (Standard No. ISO 9224:2012)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/18\/5950\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:32:02Z","timestamp":1790073122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/18\/5950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s26185950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26185950","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]}}}