{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:05:29Z","timestamp":1790075129610,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alta Scuola Politecnica"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports the design, development and laboratory validation of a low-cost multi-sensor system for bridge Structural Health Monitoring with complementary scour-related environmental sensing. The proposed sensing apparatus is intended for continuous dynamic (vibration-based) and quasi-static structural monitoring, in particular for bridge applications. It employs a distributed wired architecture comprising two custom printed circuit boards, BridgeWatch and EnvironMonitor. BridgeWatch nodes integrate MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes, enabling acceleration measurements, quasi-static inclination estimates from gravity components, angular-rate measurements and structural surface-temperature acquisition. The EnvironMonitor node acquires wind, rainfall, air temperature, humidity and bridge water level; these variables provide environmental and hydrological context relevant to scour risk, without directly measuring riverbed elevation or scour depth. A Raspberry Pi coordinates acquisition, synchronisation and communication through RS485 and RS232 links. The hardware was implemented through custom PCB design and dedicated firmware. The principal contribution is the system-level integration of structural and environmental measurements in one open architecture. Laboratory validation comprised communication and synchronisation checks, shaker tests, a scaled structural benchmark, climatic-cell tests and environmental-input simulations. The results demonstrate functional acquisition and relevant dynamic-feature extraction under controlled conditions. These outcomes enable future full-scale in situ validation and testing on full-size case studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:21:48Z","timestamp":1790072508000},"page":"5957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design, Development, and Laboratory Validation of a Low-Cost Multi-Sensor System for Bridge Structural Health Monitoring with Scour-Related Environmental Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Matilde","family":"Bidone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1170-9774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Aimar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0414-7440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Civera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5354-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Carullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3907-1389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Vallan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91877-4_114","article-title":"Residual Structural Performance of Existing PC Bridges: Recent Advances of the BRIDGE|50 Research Project","volume":"Volume 200","author":"Biondini","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Conference of the European Association on Quality Control of Bridges and Structures"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bridge collapses in Italy across the 21st century: Survey and statistical analysis","volume":"21","author":"Civera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Struct. 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