{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:03:47Z","timestamp":1790139827928,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006705","name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NTUT-CHGH-112-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTUT-CHGH-112-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NTUT-CHGH-112-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTUT-CHGH-112-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cn92c09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau, Ministry of National Defense","award":["MND-MAB-D-114192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-D-114192"]}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau, Ministry of National Defense","award":["MND-MAB-D-115205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-D-115205"]}]},{"award":["MND-MAB-D-114192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-D-114192"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ay56170","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["MND-MAB-D-115205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-D-115205"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ay56170","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enhancing the visual detection sensitivity of point-of-care (POC) optical sensors without resorting to complex, multistep chemical or enzymatic signal amplification remains a major challenge in sensor nanotechnology. Here, we present a multifunctional bio-nanostructured hybrid platform that integrates engineered Escherichia coli cellular scaffolds with antibody-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for high-sensitivity, solution-phase colorimetric sensing. By exploiting the biotin-streptavidin interaction through the Lpp-OmpA outer-membrane display system, the engineered bacterial cells serve as high-capacity, multivalent biological interfaces with a large effective surface area and high recognition-site density. Using SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein as a model biomarker, target-mediated bridging between AuNP-antibody probes and bacterial scaffolds promotes localized AuNP assembly and enhanced plasmonic coupling, resulting in a distinct visual color change within 30 min. The optimized assay achieved a naked-eye limit of detection (LOD) of 10\u221212 mol, representing a 10-fold sensitivity enhancement over conventional scaffold-free AuNP assays. This study provides a proof of concept for leveraging engineered living cells as multifunctional nanostructured templates. The modular, plug-and-play architecture of the biotin-streptavidin coupling interface highlights its potential for adaptation to clinical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:21:48Z","timestamp":1790072508000},"page":"5965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Streptavidin-Displaying E. coli Scaffolds Enable Target-Mediated Gold Nanoparticle Assembly for Colorimetric Biosensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Po-Chih","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Defense Medical University, Taipei City 114201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shi-Yu","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biomedical Sciences, National Defense Medical University, Taipei City 114201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2833-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao-Yi","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106344, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3402-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Shiuan","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Defense Medical University, Taipei City 114201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wen-Zhi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biomedical Sciences, National Defense Medical University, Taipei City 114201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chin-Mao","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Defense Medical University, Taipei City 114201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical University, New Taipei City 237010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-03987-8","article-title":"Point-of-care testing-new horizons for cross-sectional technologies and decentralized application strategies","volume":"414","author":"Hayden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. 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