{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:06:47Z","timestamp":1790075207968,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3810805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3810805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory","award":["260100022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260100022"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory","award":["260100025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260100025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foot-mounted inertial pedestrian navigation is an attractive infrastructure-free solution for pedestrian positioning in environments where Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals are unavailable, degraded, or intentionally excluded. However, mixed-gait and multi-level motion expose two persistent failure modes: unreliable zero-velocity detection during high-dynamic motion and weak yaw observability after standard zero-velocity-aided filtering. This paper presents a probability-driven adaptive foot-mounted inertial navigation framework that couples a lightweight motion-probability front-end with probability-weighted mode-adaptive zero-velocity detection, local straight-heading constraints, and probability-gated stair-height updates. A 335-dimensional motion-feature LightGBM classifier first outputs six gait probabilities from 128-sample windows of six-axis inertial data. These probabilities continuously determine the zero-velocity detector threshold and the reliability of heading and vertical pseudo-measurements. For planar navigation, a motion-aware local straight-heading constraint (MA-LSHC) establishes local reference headings only over curvature-safe straight segments, and an adaptive heading covariance controls the strength of each heading pseudo-measurement. For stair navigation, height changes are quantized into integer-riser increments only when stair probabilities and vertical inertial evidence agree. All data were collected in outdoor pedestrian environments, and the evaluation includes four parts: motion classification, training and detector diagnostics, closed rectangular planar navigation, and multi-level stair-height reconstruction. The motion-feature classifier achieves 96.24% accuracy and 96.17% macro-F1. In a mixed-gait closed rectangular route, the proposed method obtains a 1.09 m closure error and a 0.68% relative closure error, outperforming fixed SHOE-ESKF, Wang-AWGF, Guo-SIHDC, and Deng-HDR baselines. In stair experiments, the proposed method achieves a grid-node RMSE of 0.13 m and correctly identifies 38 ascending and 38 descending risers. These results demonstrate that motion probabilities can be used not merely as labels, but as continuous reliability cues for adaptive inertial constraints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:21:48Z","timestamp":1790072508000},"page":"5967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probability-Driven Adaptive Foot-Mounted Inertial Navigation with Local Straight-Heading and Stair-Height Constraints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8527-8716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongpeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9661-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peihui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"University Student Engineering Training and Innovation Practice Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7547-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinghai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jingnan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2005.140","article-title":"Pedestrian tracking with shoe-mounted inertial sensors","volume":"25","author":"Foxlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. 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