{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:06:38Z","timestamp":1790075198880,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42374051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42430101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42430101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["42374051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374051"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["42430101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42430101"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the pressing demand for autonomous navigation in GNSS-denied environments, this paper systematically reviews the development status and future trends of multi-domain geomagnetic navigation and positioning technologies. First, from the perspectives of scalar and vector measurement systems, the technical characteristics of main-stream magnetometers, including optically pumped magnetometers, proton precession magnetometers, and fluxgate magnetometers, are comparatively analyzed, and the key parameters of several high-resolution global and regional geomagnetic field models are summarized. Then, geomagnetic navigation algorithms are classified into four categories, namely geomagnetic matching, geomagnetic filtering, bio-inspired navigation, and AI-assisted methods, and the core principles and technical features of each category are discussed in detail. On this basis, representative application scenarios in aviation, marine and underwater systems, and indoor environments are examined, with emphasis on their technical bottlenecks, representative experiments, and development trends. Finally, future directions are outlined from three aspects: high-precision magnetic data acquisition and high-resolution reference map construction, deep fusion of multi-source information and intelligent algorithm innovation, and engineering deployment and industrialization. This paper aims to provide theoretical references and technical support for the development of passive autonomous multi-domain navigation capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26185970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:21:48Z","timestamp":1790072508000},"page":"5970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Prospects of Multi-Domain Geomagnetic Navigation and Positioning Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1521-9552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"},{"name":"91937 Troops, Zhoushan 316000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houpu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jineng","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Academy, Tianjin 301309, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaofeng","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fujiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tian, J. 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